Class 6 Social Science Chapter 4: Timeline and Sources of History (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
History insaan ke past ki padhai hai. Ghatnaon ko samay mein rakhne ke liye hum Gregorian calendar use karte hain: Jesus ke janm ke maane hue saal ke baad ke saal CE (Common Era) aur pehle ke BCE (Before Common Era) kehlaate hain, aur saal zero nahi hota. Decade, century aur millennium lambe samay naapte hain, aur timeline ghatnaayein kram mein dikhaati hai. Historians archaeological, literary, oral aur artistic sources ko jigsaw ke tukdon ki tarah jodte hain. Aakhir mein shuruaati insaanon ki zindagi aur kheti ki shuruaat hai.
Past ke baare mein hum kaise jaante hain?
Chapter historian E.H. Carr ki baat se shuru hota hai, jinhone history ko “an unending dialogue between the present and the past” kaha, yaani present aur past ke beech kabhi na khatm hone waali baatcheet. History insaan ke past ki padhai hai. Tumhari sabse purani yaadein, paanch-chhah saal peeche tak, tumhara apna past hain; insaani samaaj ka past hazaaron saal peeche jaata hai.
Dharti to aur bhi purani hai, lagbhag 4.54 billion (454 crore) saal, aur uske itihaas mein hum insaan sirf ek chhota sa, sabse naya hissa hain. (Extra: agar dharti ka poora itihaas ek din mein samet dein, to aaj jaise insaan aadhi raat se sirf aakhri 6 second pehle aate hain.)
Door ke past ko samajhne mein kai experts madad karte hain. Geologists dharti ki banaavat padhte hain, jaise mitti, patthar, pahaadiyan, nadiyan aur samudra. Palaeontologists fossils padhte hain, yaani laakhon saal purane paudhon, jaanwaron aur insaanon ke avshesh. Anthropologists sabse purane samay se aaj tak ke insaani samaaj aur sanskriti padhte hain, aur archaeologists wo cheezein khodkar nikaalte hain jo log, paudhe aur jaanwar peeche chhod gaye: auzaar, bartan, manke, khilaune, haddiyan, jale hue anaaj aur eentein.
History mein samay kaise naapte hain?
Har samaaj ka samay naapne ka apna tareeka raha hai, aur aksar kisi badi ghatna, jaise kisi khaas insaan ke janm ya kisi raja ke raaj ki shuruaat, se ek naya era (yug) shuru hota tha. Aaj poori duniya mein Gregorian calendar chalta hai, aur saath-saath Hindu, Muslim, Jewish, Chinese aur doosre calendar tyohaaron aur shubh mauko ke liye use hote hain.
Gregorian calendar Jesus Christ ke janm ke maane hue saal se ginta hai. Uske baad ke saal CE (Common Era; pehle AD) likhe jaate hain, jaise India 1947 CE mein aazaad hua. Usse pehle ke saal peeche gine jaate hain aur BCE (Before Common Era; pehle BC) likhe jaate hain: Buddha ka janm lagbhag 560 BCE mein hua. Saal zero nahi hota, kyunki 1 BCE ke baad seedha 1 CE aata hai. Isliye BCE aur CE ki do taareekhon ke beech ke saal nikaalne ke liye dono numbers jodo aur 1 ghatao. 2026 CE mein Buddha ka janm 560 + 2026 − 1 = 2,585 saal pehle hua tha. Aur padho BCE aur CE ka matlab mein.
Decade, century aur millennium
Decade 10 saal, century 100 saal aur millennium 1,000 saal ka hota hai. CE ki centuries 1 CE se gini jaati hain, isliye 21st century 2001 se 2100 tak hai. BCE ki centuries 1 BCE se peeche gini jaati hain, isliye 3rd century BCE 300 BCE se 201 BCE tak hai. Hum 3rd millennium CE mein rehte hain, jo 2001 mein shuru hua.
Bharat mein sooraj aur chaand ki sthiti par based paramparik calendar bhi hain. Panchang tables ki ek kitaab hai jisme har mahine ke din khagoliya jaankaari ke saath likhe hote hain. Ye surya aur chandra grahan aur sooryoday-sooryast ka samay pehle se bata deta hai, aur tyohaaron ki taareekhein aur aksar saal bhar ke mausam ka anumaan bhi deta hai.
Timeline
Timeline kisi daur ki taareekhein aur ghatnaayein kram mein dikhaati hai. Taareekhein padhe bina bhi timeline turant dikha deti hai ki Buddha ka janm Jesus se pehle hua. Insaani itihaas ki timeline aksar lambe daur chhod deti hai, warna use metre bhar lamba banana padta.
History ke sources
Source of history koi jagah, insaan, text ya cheez hai jisse kisi beeti ghatna ya daur ki jaankaari milti hai. Har cheez ek kahaani kehti hai aur jigsaw puzzle ke ek tukde jaisi hai, aur history mein kuch tukde hamesha gaayab rehte hain. Sources archaeological (monuments, teele aur khudaai mein mile avshesh, inscriptions aur sikke), literary (Bharatiya texts aur videshi vivran), oral (lok-kathayein aur parivaar ki vanshavali) ya artistic (paintings, moortiyan aur nakkaashi waale panels) ho sakte hain.
Historians jitne ho sakein utne sources ikattha karte hain. Jab sources milte hain, to tukde fit ho jaate hain; jab wo ek doosre se ulta kehte hain, to historians tay karte hain ki kis par zyada bharosa karein. Archaeologists, epigraphists (jo purane inscriptions padhte hain), anthropologists aur sahitya aur bhaashaon ke experts sab yogdaan dete hain. Pichhle lagbhag 50 saal mein purani jalvaayu ki study, khudaai mein mili cheezon ke chemical tests aur purane logon ki genetics ne nayi jaankaari di hai, aur haal ke itihaas ke liye akhbaar aur electronic media bhi sources hain. Aur padho history ke sources mein.
Insaani itihaas ki shuruaat
Aaj jaise insaan (Homo sapiens) lagbhag 300,000 (teen laakh) saal se dharti par hain. Shuruaati insaan toliyon mein, kuch samay ke kempon, rock shelters ya gufaon mein rehte the, aur hunter-gatherers the jo shikaar karte aur khaane laayak paudhe aur phal ikattha karte the. Wo aag use karte the, patthar ki behtar kulhaadiyan, blades aur teer ki nokein banaate the, chattaanon par jaanwar aur insaan paint karte the, manke aur pendant banaate the, aur prakriti ke baare mein aur shayad maut ke baad ki zindagi ke baare mein maanyataayein rakhte the.
Ice Age mein dharti ka bada hissa barf se dhaka tha. Aakhri Ice Age 100,000 saal se bhi pehle se lekar lagbhag 12,000 saal pehle tak chala. Uske baad kai jagah log anaaj ugaane lage, gaay-bail aur bakriyon jaise jaanwar paalne lage, aur nadiyon ke paas basne lage, jahan paani paas tha aur mitti upjaau thi. Mukhiya (chieftains) samudaay ka dhyaan rakhte the, aur zameen mil-jul kar boyi aur kaati jaati thi. Chhoti bastiyan gaon bani jo khaana, kapde aur auzaar ka len-den karti thi; kuch chhote shehar ban gaye, aur pottery aur dhaatuein, pehle copper aur baad mein iron, use hone lagi.
Har sawaal ka jawab Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| History | Insaan ke past, yaani beete hue samay, ki padhai. |
| Era (yug) | Samay ka ek alag daur, jo aksar kisi badi ghatna se gina jaata hai, jaise kisi khaas insaan ka janm ya kisi raja ke raaj ki shuruaat. |
| Gregorian calendar | Poori duniya mein chalne waala calendar: 12 mahine, kul 365 din, aur har chaar saal mein leap year; century waale saal tabhi leap year hote hain jab wo 400 ke multiple hon. |
| CE (Common Era) | Jesus ke janm ke maane hue saal se aage gine jaane waale saal, jo pehle AD likhe jaate the; India 1947 CE mein aazaad hua. |
| BCE (Before Common Era) | Usi point se peeche gine jaane waale saal, jo pehle BC likhe jaate the; Buddha ka janm lagbhag 560 BCE mein hua. |
| Timeline | Ek line jo kisi daur ki taareekhein aur ghatnaayein usi kram mein dikhaati hai jisme wo hui. |
| Century (shatabdi) | 100 saal ka koi bhi samay; 21st century CE 2001 se 2100 tak hai. |
| Millennium (sahasraabdi) | 1,000 saal ka koi bhi samay; hum 3rd millennium CE mein hain, jo 2001 mein shuru hua. Iska bahuvachan millenniums ya millennia hai. |
| Panchang | Bharat ke paramparik calendar ki tables waali kitaab, jisme har mahine ke din, grahan aur sooryoday jaisi jaankaari aur tyohaaron ki taareekhein hoti hain. |
| Source of history | Koi jagah, insaan, text ya cheez jisse kisi beeti ghatna ya daur ki jaankaari milti hai. |
| Fossils | Mitti ya chattaan ki parton mein surakshit mile pairon ke nishaan, ya paudhon aur jaanwaron ke hisse. |
| Hunter-gatherers | Log jo jaanwaron ka shikaar karke aur khaane laayak paudhe aur phal ikattha karke jeete the, jaise shuruaati insaan. |
| Ice Age (himyug) | Ek lamba daur jab dharti bahut thandi thi aur uska bada hissa barf se dhaka tha; aakhri Ice Age lagbhag 12,000 saal pehle khatm hua. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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BCE ka full form kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) Before Common Era
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1 CE se theek pehle kaunsa saal aata hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 1 BCE
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21st century CE kab se kab tak hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 2001 se 2100
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Purane inscriptions padhne waale ko kya kehte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) epigraphist
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Lok-kathayein (folklore) aur parivaar ki vanshavali kis tarah ke sources hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) oral sources
Students ke sawal
Class 6 SST Chapter 4 ke main topics kya hain?
Past ke baare mein hum kaise jaante hain; history mein samay kaise naapte hain, yaani Gregorian calendar, BCE aur CE, decade, century aur millennium; timeline; history ke sources; aur insaani itihaas ki shuruaat, shuruaati hunter-gatherers se pehle kheti waale gaon tak.
Kya Timeline and Sources of History nayi Exploring Society book mein hai?
Haan. Timeline and Sources of History, Class 6 Social Science ki textbook Exploring Society: India and Beyond (2026-27 session) ka Chapter 4 hai. Isse book ki history waali theme, Tapestry of the Past, shuru hoti hai.
Chapter 4 ke aakhir mein kitne sawaal hain?
“Questions, activities and projects” mein 5 sawaal hain, jinme taareekhon waale exercises bhi hain. Hamara NCERT solutions page in sabke jawab deta hai, saath mein Big Questions, har Let's Explore aur Think About It box ke bhi.
Koi sawal atak gaya?
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