BCE aur CE ka matlab

Saal ginne ka ek saajha tareeka

Alag-alag samaajon ne saal alag tareekon se gine hain, aur aksar kisi badi ghatna se, jaise kisi raja ke gaddi par baithne se, ek naya era (yug) shuru kiya. Aaj poori duniya mein Gregorian calendar chalta hai. Isme 12 mahine milkar 365 din hote hain, aur har chaar saal mein ek leap year aata hai. Century waale saal tabhi leap year hote hain jab wo 400 ke multiple hon, isliye 2000 leap year tha par 1800 aur 1900 nahi the. Tyohaaron ki taareekhein tay karne ke liye Hindu, Muslim, Jewish, Chinese aur doosre calendar aaj bhi saath-saath chalte hain.

CE aur BCE ka matlab

Gregorian calendar Jesus Christ ke janm ke maane hue saal ko shuruaati point maanta hai.

• Uske baad ke saal aage gine jaate hain aur CE, yaani Common Era, likhe jaate hain. Pehle inhe AD likhte the, jo Jesus ke janm ke baad ke saalon ke liye ek Latin phrase se aaya hai. India 1947 CE mein aazaad hua, jise 1947 AD ya AD 1947 bhi likh sakte hain.
• Usse pehle ke saal peeche gine jaate hain aur BCE, yaani Before Common Era, likhe jaate hain. Pehle inhe BC (Before Christ) likhte the. Buddha ka janm lagbhag 560 BCE mein hua.

BCE saal peeche gine jaate hain, isliye BCE ka bada number zyada purani taareekh hai: 560 BCE, 323 BCE se purana hai.

Saal zero nahi hota

Gregorian calendar mein 1 BCE ke baad seedha 1 CE aata hai. 2 BCE se 2 CE tak har saal timeline par lagaao to sirf teen kadam dikhenge, yaani in taareekhon ke beech sirf 3 saal beete. Isse ek niyam milta hai:

BCE saal aur CE saal ke beech ke saal = BCE number + CE number − 1.

2 BCE se 2 CE: 2 + 2 − 1 = 3. Buddha, jinka janm lagbhag 560 BCE mein hua, 2026 CE se 560 + 2026 − 1 = 2,585 saal pehle paida hue.

Teen tarah ke sawaal

Taareekhein	Kya karein
Dono CE	Ghatao: Rani of Jhansi ka janm 1828 mein hua, yaani aazaadi se 1947 − 1828 = 119 saal pehle
Dono BCE	Ghatao: 560 BCE se 323 BCE tak 560 − 323 = 237 saal
BCE se CE	Jodo, phir 1 ghatao: 560 BCE se 320 CE tak 560 + 320 − 1 = 879 saal

“Itne saal pehle” ko taareekh mein badalne ke liye aaj ke saal se peeche gino. 2026 CE mein 1,000 saal pehle 1026 CE tha. Jab saalon ki ginti aaj ke saal se badi ho, to taareekh BCE hogi: 12,000 saal pehle yaani 12,000 − 2026 + 1 = 9,975 BCE, matlab lagbhag 10,000 BCE.

Decade, century aur millennium

• Decade 10 saal ka samay hai.
• Century 100 saal ka koi bhi samay hai. History mein CE ki centuries 1 CE se gini jaati hain: 1st century CE 1 se 100 CE hai, aur 21st century CE 2001 se 2100 tak hai. BCE ki centuries 1 BCE se peeche gini jaati hain: 1st century BCE 100 se 1 BCE hai, aur 3rd century BCE 300 se 201 BCE.
• Millennium 1,000 saal ka koi bhi samay hai. Hum 3rd millennium CE mein hain, jo 2001 CE mein shuru hua aur 3000 CE tak chalega. 1st millennium BCE 1000 se 1 BCE hai. Iska bahuvachan millenniums ya millennia hai; dono sahi hain.

Aasaan check (Extra: ye hamara apna shortcut hai, book mein nahi): kisi saal ki century nikaalne ke liye aakhri do ank hata do aur 1 jodo. Isliye 1828, 19th century CE mein hai aur 323 BCE, 4th century BCE mein. 00 par khatm hone waala saal apni century ka aakhri saal hota hai, isliye 2000, 20th century mein aata hai, jo 1901 se 2000 tak chali.

Taareekhon ko kram mein lagaana

Taareekhon ko sabse purani se sabse nayi tak lagaane ke liye pehle BCE taareekhein likho, sabse bade number se shuru karke, phir CE taareekhein, sabse chhote number se shuru karke: 1900 BCE, 323 BCE, 100 BCE, 100 CE, 323 CE, 1090 CE aur 2024 CE.

Bharat ke calendar

Bharat ke kai calendar saal ke mahine tay karne ke liye sooraj aur chaand ki sthiti use karte hain. Panchang tables ki ek kitaab hai jisme har mahine ke din khagoliya jaankaari ke saath hote hain. Ye surya aur chandra grahan aur sooryoday-sooryast ka samay pehle se bataata hai, aur tyohaaron ki taareekhein aur samay, aur aksar saal bhar ke mausam ka anumaan bhi deta hai. Panchang aaj bhi Bharat mein khoob use hote hain.

In saalon mein kya hua, ye historians kaise jaante hain, iske liye padho history ke sources. Textbook ke sawaalon ke liye dekho Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions; poore chapter ke liye Chapter 4 ke notes.