History ke sources kya hain?

Source of history kya hai?

Source of history koi jagah, insaan, text ya cheez hai jisse kisi beeti ghatna ya daur ki jaankaari milti hai. Apne ghar mein dekho: ek purani photo, dadi-nani ki diary, peetal ka koi bartan ya ek purana sikka, har cheez tumhare parivaar ke past ke baare mein kuch kehti hai. Isi tarah historians kai tarah ke sources se kisi beete daur ki kahaani jodte hain.

Har cheez ya imaarat ek jigsaw puzzle ke tukde jaisi hai. Kaafi tukde jod do to tasveer ban jaati hai, par history mein kai tukde hamesha gaayab rehte hain, isliye tasveer kabhi poori nahi hoti.

Chaar tarah ke sources

• Archaeological sources khoj aur khudaai se milte hain. Inme monuments aur teele jaise structures; khudaai (excavations) jisse ghar aur kabrein, auzaar aur hathiyaar, bartan aur khilaune, moortiyan aur gehne, aur insaanon, jaanwaron aur paudhon ke avshesh milte hain; aur patthar aur taamrapatron par likhe inscriptions, saath mein sikke aate hain.
• Literary sources likhe hue texts hain. Bharatiya sahitya mein Vedas aur Itihasas, kavitaayein aur naatak, aitihaasik texts, kahaaniyon ke sangrah, aur vigyaan aur takneek ke texts aate hain, jinme se kai purani hastlikhit pothiyon (manuscripts) mein bache hain. Bahar se aaye yaatriyon ke likhe yaatra-vivran aur chronicles jaise foreign accounts bhi literary sources hain.
• Oral sources bolkar ek peedhi se doosri tak pahunchte hain: vanshavali (genealogy), jo batati hai ki kaun kiska vanshaj hai, aur geet, kahaaniyan aur kahaavatein jaisi lok-kathayein (folklore).
• Artistic sources mein paintings, jaise rock paintings, moortiyan (sculptures) aur nakkaashi waale panels aate hain.

Ek cheez ko padhna

Sarnath, Varanasi ke paas, ka Lion Capital of Ashoka lo, jo chapter ki sources waali tasveeron mein hai. Chaar sher peeth se peeth milaakar ek gol aadhaar par khade hain, jis par ek chakra aur chaar jaanwar, haathi, bail, ghoda aur sher, bane hain. (Extra: ye kabhi samraat Ashoka ke 3rd century BCE mein lagwaaye ek chamakte balua patthar ke stambh ke upar tha, aur aaj ye India ka rashtriya chinh hai.) Aisi ek cheez se humein ek shaasak aur uske samrajya, patthar tarashne waalon ke hunar, aur chakra se dikhne waale Buddha ke updesh ke failaav ke baare mein pata chalta hai.

Sources ke saath kaun kaam karta hai?

Historians past ko padhte aur uske baare mein likhte hain. Jab wo, maan lo, 1,500 saal pehle ke kisi raja ya rani, kisi purane monument, kisi yuddh ya vyapaar ki kuch cheezon ko padhte hain, to jitne sources mil sakein un sabko dekhte hain. Doosre log bhi yogdaan dete hain:

• archaeologists, jo avshesh khodkar padhte hain;
• epigraphists, jo purane inscriptions padhte hain;
• anthropologists, jo insaani samaaj aur unki sanskriti padhte hain;
• sahitya aur bhaashaon ke experts.

Pichhle lagbhag 50 saal mein science ne nayi samajh di hai: purani jalvaayu ki study, khudaai mein mili cheezon ki chemical study, aur purane logon ki genetics ki study, jo batati hai ki gun ek peedhi se doosri peedhi tak kaise pahunchte hain. Haal ke itihaas ke liye, yaani aam taur par pichhli do-teen centuries, akhbaar ek aur source hain, aur pichhle kuch dashakon ke liye TV aur internet jaisa electronic media bhi dekha ja sakta hai.

Jab sources milte hain, aur jab takraate hain

Kabhi sources ek doosre ki baat pakki karte hain: jigsaw ke tukde mil jaate hain. Kabhi wo ulti jaankaari dete hain, aur historians ko tay karna padta hai ki kis source par zyada bharosa karein, jaise ye poochhkar ki use kisne, kab aur kyun banaaya. Isi dhyaan se jaanch karke wo apne daur ka itihaas dobara banaate hain, bilkul waise jaise ek jasoos suraagon ko tolta hai.

Apne parivaar se shuru karo

Tum ghar par hi historian banne ki practice kar sakte ho. Apne mummy-papa aur dada-dadi, nana-nani se parivaar ki teen peedhiyon ke baare mein poochho: unke naam, kaam aur janm ki jagah. Unki yaadein oral sources hain; photos, chitthiyan, diary, ID cards aur certificates doosre sources hain. Har jaankaari kahan se mili, ye bhi likho, jaise historians karte hain.

Apni jaankaari ko samay par lagaane ke liye padho BCE aur CE ka matlab. Textbook ke sawaalon ke liye dekho Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions; poore chapter ke liye Chapter 4 ke notes.