Class 6 Social Science Chapter 4 NCERT Solutions Hinglish mein: Timeline and Sources of History

Exploring Society: India and Beyond (2026-27 session) ke Chapter 4, Timeline and Sources of History, ke Big Questions, har Let’s Explore aur Think About It box, text ke beech ke sawaalon aur saare 5 “Questions, activities and projects” ke jawab. Page numbers book se match karte hain. Hisaab mein 2026 CE ko aaj ka saal maana hai; book ka apna udaharan 2024 leta hai. Apne parivaar aur aas-paas waali activities ke sample jawab hain; tumhare jawab alag honge. Short notes: Chapter 4 notes.

The Big Questions (page 59)

1. History mein samay kaise naapte hain?

History mein samay hum calendars se naapte hain, ek tay shuruaati point se saal ginkar. Poori duniya mein chalne waala Gregorian calendar Jesus ke janm ke maane hue saal se aage ke saalon ko CE (Common Era) aur peeche ke saalon ko BCE (Before Common Era) ginta hai, aur saal zero nahi hota. Lambe samay ko decade (10 saal), century (100 saal) aur millennium (1,000 saal) mein naapte hain, aur timeline ghatnaon ko usi kram mein dikhaati hai jisme wo hui. Hindu, Muslim, Jewish aur Chinese calendar aur Bharat ke panchang jaise doosre calendar bhi saath-saath chalte hain, khaaskar tyohaaron ke liye.

2. Alag-alag sources history samajhne mein kaise madad karte hain?

Har source jaankaari ka ek tukda deta hai, jaise jigsaw puzzle ka ek tukda. Archaeological sources (monuments, khudaai mein mile auzaar, bartan aur haddiyan, inscriptions aur sikke) dikhaate hain ki log kaise rehte aur kya banaate the; literary sources (Bharatiya texts aur videshi vivran) batate hain ki log kya sochte, maante aur likhte the; oral sources (lok-kathayein aur vanshavali) yaadon ko zinda rakhte hain; aur artistic sources (paintings, moortiyan aur panels) drishya, pehnaava aur maanyataayein dikhaate hain. Kai sources ki tulna karke historians dekhte hain ki kaunse tukde milte hain aur kaunse nahi, aur past ko jitna ho sake utna sahi dobara banaate hain, bhale kuch tukde gaayab hi rahein.

3. Shuruaati insaan kaise rehte the?

Shuruaati insaan toliyon mein, kuch samay ke kempon, rock shelters ya gufaon mein rehte the. Wo hunter-gatherers the, jo jaanwaron ka shikaar karte aur khaane laayak paudhe aur phal ikattha karte the. Wo aag use karte the, patthar ki kulhaadiyan, blades aur teer ki nokein banaate the, chattaanon par paint karte the, manke aur pendant banaakar kabhi doosre toliyon se badalte the, aur prakriti ke baare mein aur shayad maut ke baad ki zindagi ke baare mein maanyataayein rakhte the. Lagbhag 12,000 saal pehle aakhri Ice Age khatm hone ke baad kai log kheti karne lage, gaay-bail aur bakriyan paalne lage aur nadiyon ke paas bas gaye. Gaon bade hue aur saamaan ka len-den karne lage, kuch shehar ban gaye, aur pottery aur dhaatuein use hone lagi.

Think About It: tumhara apna past (page 60)

1. Sample jawab: “Meri sabse purani yaad school ke pehle din ki hai, jab main lagbhag chaar saal ka tha.” Zyaadatar log teen-chaar saal ki umar se pehle ki baatein kam yaad rakhte hain, isliye ye kuch saal purani yaadein tumhara apna past hain.
2. Past ko samajhne se present samajh aata hai, kyunki aaj ki duniya usi se nikli hai. Hamari bhaashaayein, tyohaar, khaana, shehar aur aaj ki samasyaayein bhi purane samay mein jadein rakhti hain. Cheezein kaise aur kyun badli, ye jaankar hum present ko samajh paate hain aur pehle ki safaltaaon aur galtiyon se seekhte hain; historian E.H. Carr ki present aur past ke beech baatcheet waali baat ka yahi matlab hai.

Past ko padhne waale experts (page 61)

Chaar tasveerein un logon ko dikhaati hain jo dharti ka aur hamara past jaante hain:

• Geologists chattaan, mitti aur pahaadiyon, nadiyon aur samudron jaisi banaavat ko jaanchkar samajhte hain ki dharti kaise bani aur badli.
• Palaeontologists fossils khodkar padhte hain, yaani laakhon saal purane paudhon, jaanwaron aur insaanon ke avshesh.
• Anthropologists sabse purane samay se aaj tak ke insaani samaaj aur sanskriti padhte hain.
• Archaeologists dhyaan se khudaai karke auzaar, bartan, manke, moortiyan, khilaune, haddiyan, jale anaaj aur eentein jaise avshesh nikaalte aur darj karte hain.

Buddha ka janm kitne saal pehle hua? (pages 62–63)

Buddha ka janm lagbhag 560 BCE mein hua. 2026 CE tak ginein to: 560 + 2026 − 1 = 2,585 saal pehle. (Book ke udaharan ki tarah 2024 ko aaj ka saal maanein to: 560 + 2024 − 1 = 2,583.)

Let’s Explore: saal zero nahi hota. 2 BCE se 2 CE tak har saal waali timeline par 2 BCE, 1 BCE, 1 CE aur 2 CE aate hain: sirf teen kadam, isliye 3 saal beete, 4 nahi. Isliye BCE aur CE ki taareekhon ke beech dono numbers jodo aur 1 ghatao: 2 + 2 − 1 = 3.

Aur practice: 50 BCE se 50 CE tak 50 + 50 − 1 = 99 saal; 1 BCE se 1 CE tak 1 + 1 − 1 = 1 saal; 100 BCE se 2026 CE tak 100 + 2026 − 1 = 2,125 saal.

8th millennium BCE (page 65)

BCE ke millenniums 1 BCE se peeche gine jaate hain: 1st millennium BCE 1000 se 1 BCE, 2nd 2000 se 1001 BCE, aur aise hi aage. Isliye 8th millennium BCE 8000 BCE se 7001 BCE tak hai, aur ye 8000 BCE mein shuru hota hai: Fig. 4.3 ki timeline par 8000 BCE waala nishaan, jahan book pehli bastiyan aur kheti ki shuruaat dikhaati hai.

Let’s Explore: 1900 CE se parivaar ki timeline (page 65)

Sample timeline: 1900 (shuruaat) · 1901, 20th century CE shuru · 1956, dada ka janm · 1959, dadi ka janm · 1984, papa ka janm · 1987, mummy ka janm · 2000, 20th century CE khatm · 2001, 21st century CE shuru · 2011, badi behen ka janm · 2014, mera janm · 2026, aaj.

20th century CE 1901 se shuru hoti hai aur 2000 par khatm hoti hai.

Let’s Explore: parivaar ki teen peedhiyan (page 66)

Table ka ek sample; tum apne parivaar ki jaankaari bharo:

Rishta	Sample jaankaari aur source
Dada-dadi	Ramesh, kisaan, Sitapur ke paas ek gaon mein janm; Kamla, darzi, Barabanki mein janm. Source: unki apni yaadein
Nana-nani	Mohan, railway clerk, aur Sushila, teacher, dono ka janm Lucknow mein. Source: nani ka photo album aur certificates
Pardada-pardadi	Shivnath aur Rampyari, kisaan, Sitapur ke paas janm. Source: dadi ki kahaaniyan
Parnana-parnani	Gopal, dukaandaar, aur Savitri, Lucknow mein janm. Source: nana ka rakha ek purana dukaan ka register

Parivaar ke past ki jaankaari kaise mili? Sample jawab: mummy-papa aur dada-dadi se poochhkar (oral sources), purani photos aur shaadi ka card dekhkar, ID cards, ration card aur certificates par naam aur taareekhein padhkar, aur dada ki rakhi ek purani diary padhkar. Kuch baatein, jaise pardada-pardadi ka kaam, sirf yaadon se mili, isliye wo kam pakki ho sakti hain.

Think About It: ghar ki purani cheezein (page 67)

Purani cheezein aur imaaratein parivaar aur ilaake ke itihaas ke sources hain:

• Sikke batate hain ki unhe kis sarkaar ya raja ne lagbhag kab jaari kiya, kaunsi dhaatu lagi aur paise ki keemat kya thi.
• Kitaabein bhaasha, lipi aur logon ke padhe jaane waale vichaar dikhaati hain.
• Kapde apne samay ke kapde, dhang aur hunar dikhaate hain, aur ye bhi ki khaas mauko par log kya pehente the.
• Gehne kisi parivaar ya ilaake ki dhaatuein, hunar aur reeti-rivaaz dikhaate hain.
• Peetal, taambe ya mitti ke bartan batate hain ki khaana kaise pakaaya, rakha aur parosa jaata tha.
• Purane ghar aur imaaratein banaane ki saamagri, parivaar kitne bade the, mote deewaron ya aangan se mausam ke hisaab se ghar kaise banaaye, aur maalik kitne sampann the, ye dikhaate hain.

Let’s Explore: ye sources kya dikhaate hain? (pages 68–69)

Book in tasveeron ke naam nahi deti, isliye ye jawab batate hain ki tasveerein kya dikhaati hain aur sabse zyada sambhav hai ki wo kya hain:

1. Sone ka sikka ek raja ko dikhaata hai jiske sir ke peeche prabhamandal hai, jo oonchi peeth waale aasan par baithkar god mein veena (taar waala vaadya) baja raha hai, aur kinaare par likhaai hai. Ye Gupta raja Samudragupta (4th century CE) ka sone ka sikka lagta hai, us prakaar ka jise lyrist ya veena-vaadak type kehte hain. Isse pata chalta hai ki raja khud ko sangeetkaar ke roop mein dikhaana chaahta tha, sone ke sikke chalte the, jo dhan aur vyapaar ka sanket hai, aur us samay ki lipi, pehnaava aur vaadya bhi dikhte hain.
2. Nakkaashi waala patthar ka panel gumbad jaise upari hisse ke neeche figures ki do kataarein dikhaata hai. Neeche ki kataar mein hathiyaarbandh logon se bhari ek naav ke aas-paas ladaai hai; upar ki kataar mein chhatron ke neeche sajje-dhaje log hain. Ye ek hero stone (veergal) lagta hai, yaani yuddh mein maare gaye kisi yoddha ki yaad mein lagaaya patthar. (Extra: samudri ladaai dikhaane waale hero stones India ke pashchimi tat par, jaise Mumbai ke paas aur Goa mein, mile hain.) Isse pata chalta hai ki yuddh mein naavon ka use hota tha, hathiyaar aur kapde kaise the, aur yoddhaon ko kaise sammaan diya jaata tha, shayad maut ke baad ki zindagi ki maanyata ke saath.
3. Patthar ke sher Sarnath, Varanasi ke paas, ka Lion Capital of Ashoka (3rd century BCE) hain: chaar sher peeth se peeth milaakar ek gol aadhaar par khade hain, jis par chakra aur jaanwar bane hain, aur neeche ghante jaisa kamal hai. Isse samraat Ashoka ke baare mein pata chalta hai, jinhone aise stambh lagwaaye, balua patthar ko chamkaane waale kaarigaron ke hunar ke baare mein, aur chakra se dikhne waale Buddha ke updesh ke failaav ke baare mein. (Extra: aaj ye India ka rashtriya chinh hai.)

Let’s Explore: rock shelter mein zindagi (page 70)

• Aag jalaaye rakhna: ek aadmi lambi lakdi se aag ko sambhaal raha hai, doosre garmi ke liye uske aas-paas baithe hain, aur ek maa apne bachche ko aag ke paas liye hai. Aag se roshni bhi milti thi, khaana pakta tha aur jangli jaanwar door rehte the.
• Chattaan par painting: ek vyakti shelter ki deewar par hiran aur bail jaise jaanwar aur insaani aakritiyan paint kar raha hai, aur ek bachcha dekh raha hai.
• Jaanwar ki khaal taiyaar karna: do aadmi zameen par faili ek badi khaal par kaam kar rahe hain, shayad kapde ya odhne ke liye use khurach rahe hain.
• Auzaar banaana: ek aadmi ek patthar par doosra patthar maarkar auzaar ka aakaar de raha hai.
• Khaana chhaantna: ek aadmi aur ek aurat ek bade bartan se cheezein nikaal rahe hain, shayad ikatthe kiye phal ya meve.
• Bachche saath baithkar kha aur khel rahe hain.

Log jaanwaron ki khaal aur daanton ya manko ke haar pehne hain, yaani wo kapde aur gehne banaate the.

Let’s Explore: kheti waala ek shuruaati gaon (pages 71–72)

• Fasal kaatna: log paki fasal kaat rahe hain, aur kuch log uske gatthar sir par utha kar le ja rahe hain.
• Auzaar le jaana: ek aadmi kandhe par lakdi ke hatthe mein bandha patthar ka auzaar le ja raha hai, shayad zameen khodne ya saaf karne ke liye.
• Lakdi kaatna: jhopdiyon ke paas ek aadmi kulhaadi se lakdiyan chiir raha hai.
• Khaana banaana: ek aurat chakki ke patthar par anaaj pees rahi hai, paas mein sabziyan aur phal rakhe hain, aur aag par mitti ke bartan mein khaana pak raha hai.
• Pashupaalan: bhedein char rahi hain, gaay-bhains paani ke paas khadi hain, aur ek kutta logon ke saath chal raha hai.
• Bachche gharon ke paas khel rahe hain.
• Ghar: mitti ki deewaron aur phoos ki chhat waali jhopdiyan dikhaati hain ki log ab ek jagah, nadi ya jheel ke paas, tikkar rehne lage the.

Think About It: aadmiyon aur auraton ki bhoomika (page 72)

Class ki charcha ke points: ye tasveerein kalaakaaron ki kalpana hain, photos nahi, aur kaun kya karta tha iske saboot kam hain. Kaam aksar zaroorat ke hisaab se baanta gaya hoga: auratein rang taiyaar karke paint kar sakti thi, auzaar bana sakti thi ya ikattha aur shikaar kar sakti thi, aur aadmi khaana bana sakte the, khaana ikattha kar sakte the ya bachchon ko sambhaal sakte the. Bhoomikaayein shayad toli-toli mein alag thi aur samay ke saath badli. Isliye humein ye nahi maan lena chahiye ki shuruaati log kaam waise hi baante the jaise aaj kuch log baantte hain; historians koi nateeja nikaalne se pehle saboot dhoondhte hain, jaise aadmiyon aur auraton ki kabron mein mile auzaar.

Questions, activities and projects (page 74)

1. Apne parivaar ya gaon ka itihaas likho (project). Ek plan:

1. Ek sawaal chuno, jaise: pichhle 100 saal mein mera parivaar kahan raha aur kya kaam kiya?
2. Sources ikattha karo: bado se baat karo (oral sources), aur photos, chitthiyan, certificates, zameen ke kaagaz aur purani cheezein dekho. Gaon ke liye purane mandir, kuein, taalaab ya ghar bhi dekho, aur bado aur panchayat se poochho.
3. Har baat ka source likho, aur baaton ko ek doosre se milaakar jaancho.
4. Mukhya ghatnaon ko timeline par lagaao.
5. Itihaas ko hisson mein likho (parivaar ya gaon kahan se aaya, kaam, jagah badalna, khaas ghatnaayein, badlaav), photos ya chitra jodo, aur aakhir mein apne sources ki list do.

2. Kya historians ki tulna jasooson se kar sakte hain? Haan, kai tarah se:

• Dono is sawaal se shuru karte hain ki kya hua, aur kyun.
• Dono suraag ikattha karte hain: jasoos gawahon aur cheezon se, historian cheezon, texts aur yaadon jaise sources se.
• Dono jaanchte hain ki suraag mel khaate hain ya nahi, aur takraav hone par tay karte hain ki kis par bharosa karein.
• Dono saboot aur tark se dhyaan se khaali jagah bharte hain, aur naya saboot milne par apna nateeja badal dete hain.

Ek farq: jasoos aksar zinda gawahon se pooch sakta hai, jabki door ke past ka historian zyaadatar cheezon aur texts par nirbhar hai, aur puzzle ke kuch tukde hamesha ke liye kho chuke hain.

3. Taareekhon ke kuch exercises

• Kram mein: 1900 BCE → 323 BCE → 100 BCE → 100 CE → 323 CE → 1090 CE → 2024 CE.

• Raja Chandragupta, janm 320 CE: wo 4th century CE (301 se 400 CE) ke the. Ye Buddha ke janm ke 560 + 320 − 1 = 879 saal baad tha.
• Rani of Jhansi, janm 1828: wo 19th century CE (1801 se 1900) ki thi. Ye India ki aazaadi se 1947 − 1828 = 119 saal pehle tha.
• ‘12,000 saal pehle’ ki taareekh: 2026 CE ko aaj ka saal maanein to 12,000 − 2026 + 1 = 9,975 BCE, yaani lagbhag 10,000 BCE. (2024 ko aaj ka saal maanein to: 9,977 BCE.) Lagbhag isi samay aakhri Ice Age khatm hua tha.

4. Paas ke museum ki yaatra. Jaane se pehle museum ki website ya guidebook se pata karo ki wahan kis tarah ki cheezein hain (jaise New Delhi ka National Museum, ya tumhare rajya ya zile ka museum), aur kuch sawaal taiyaar karo. Wahan kuch cheezon ka naam, samay aur jagah likho, labels padho aur ek cheez ka chitra banao. Sample report: “Hamari class zile ke museum gayi. Humne patthar ke auzaar, bartan, terracotta ke khilaune, alag-alag shaasakon ke sikke aur moortiyan dekhi. Anpekshit: kuch purane khilaune kitne chhote aur baareek the. Dilchasp: alag shaasakon ke sikkon par alag lipi aur chitra the. Mazedaar: har cheez ko apne ilaake ki timeline par sahi jagah lagaana.”

5. Kisi archaeologist ya historian ko bulaana. Teacher ki madad se ek vinamra nimantran likho, taareekh tay karo aur sawaal taiyaar karo, jaise:

• Hamare ilaake ki sabse purani jagahein ya monuments kaunse hain?
• Aap kaise pata karte hain ki koi cheez kitni purani hai?
• Sadiyon mein hamara ilaaka kaise badla?
• Apne ilaake ka itihaas jaanna kyun zaroori hai?

Baatcheet ke baad ek chhota saaraansh likho aur dhanyavaad ka note bhejo. (Apne ilaake ka itihaas jaanne se hum apni virasat ki kadar karte hain, purani jagahon ko bachaate hain aur samajhte hain ki hamara ilaaka aaj jaisa kaise bana.)

Aur practice ke liye padho BCE aur CE ka matlab aur history ke sources.