Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6: The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation (Hinglish Notes)

Civilisation kya hai?

Chapter archaeologist B.B. Lal ki baat se shuru hota hai, jinhone Harappans ko ek santulit samaaj maana, jisme ameer aur gareeb ka farq bahut zyada nahi tha, aur jo ‘shoshan’ nahi balki aapsi ‘taal-mel’ par chalta tha. Phir sawaal aata hai ki civilisation kya hai. Aam taur par iska matlab hai insaani samaaj ki ek viksit sthiti. Book ke hisaab se isme kam se kam saat cheezein honi chahiye: kisi tarah ki sarkaar aur administration, urbanism (planned cities, paani ka intezaam aur naaliyan), tarah-tarah ke crafts, andar aur bahar ka vyapaar, kisi tarah ki likhaai, sanskritik vichaar, aur itni kheti ki gaon ke saath cities ka bhi pet bhare.

Civilisation alag-alag jagah alag samay par shuru hui: Mesopotamia (aaj ka Iraq aur Syria) mein lagbhag 6,000 saal pehle, aur Egypt mein kuch sadiyon baad. Indian Subcontinent mein kahani northwest se shuru hoti hai.

Gaon se city tak

Punjab aur Sindh ke maidaanon ko Indus aur uski sahaayak nadiyan seenchti hain, jisse wo upjaau bane. Thoda aur poorab mein, kuch hazaar saal pehle, Sarasvati nadi Himalaya ki talhati se Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan aur Gujarat ke kuch hisson se behti thi. Is ilaake mein lagbhag 3500 BCE se gaon towns bane, aur badhte vyapaar ke saath lagbhag 2600 BCE tak towns cities ban gaye. Ise India ka First Urbanisation kehte hain, aur cities lagbhag 1900 BCE tak phali-phooli.

Archaeologists ise Indus, Harappan, Indus-Sarasvati ya Sindhu-Sarasvati civilisation kehte hain, aur iske logon ko Harappans, kyunki Harappa (aaj Pakistan ke Punjab mein) iski pehli khodi gayi city thi, 1920–21 mein. Ye duniya ki sabse purani civilisations mein se ek hai.

Sarasvati ka pehla zikr Rig Veda mein hai, ek devi aur ‘parvat se samudra tak’ behti nadi ke roop mein; baad ke texts use sookhte hue batate hain. Aaj ye India mein mausami Ghaggar aur Pakistan mein Hakra hai. Iske basin mein Rakhigarhi aur Ganweriwala jaisi badi cities, Farmana aur Kalibangan jaisi chhoti cities, aur Bhirrana aur Banawali jaise towns the. Sites Indus se itni door tak phaili hain ki ‘Indus Valley civilisation’ naam ab purana pad gaya hai.

Planned cities aur paani

Harappa aur Mohenjo-daro ki pehchaan 1924 mein hui; phir Dholavira (Gujarat), Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Ganweriwala aur Lothal jaisi saikdon chhoti sites mili. Badi cities pakke nakshon se bani thin: dishaon ke hisaab se chaudi sadkein, fortification, local elite ke liye upper town aur aam logon ke liye lower town. Chhote aur bade ghar ek jaisi mehnat se, zyaadatar eenton se bane the. Sadkon ke neeche ki naaliyan gande paani ko le jaati thin, Mohenjo-daro mein saikdon eenton ke kuen the, aur Dholavira ne kam se kam chhah bade reservoirs banaye. Mohenjo-daro ka mashhoor Great Bath aaj bhi ek paheli hai. Aur padho Harappan cities ki town planning mein.

Khaana, crafts aur vyapaar

Nadiyon ke kinaare basne se paani aur upjaau mitti mili. Harappans jau, gehun, millets aur kabhi chaawal ugaate the, saath mein daalein aur sabziyan, aur wo Eurasia mein sabse pehle kapaas ugaane waale the. Wo hal use karte the; mitti ka chhota hal model Banawali se mila hai. Wo jaanwar paalte the, nadiyon aur samudra mein machhli pakadte the, aur unke bartanon mein doodh se bani cheezein, haldi, adrak aur kela tak mila hai.

Wo apni civilisation ke andar aur doosri sanskritiyon ke saath zameen, nadi aur samudra ke raaste vyapaar karte the; ye India ka pehla bada samudri vyapaar tha. Wo gehne bhejte the, khaas kar carnelian ke moti (laal-sa keemti patthar, zyaadatar Gujarat ka), shankh ki chooriyan, lakdi, roz ki cheezein, aur shaayad sona aur kapaas. Wo shaayad taamba mangaate the, aur usme tin milaakar sakht bronze banaate the. Lothal ka 217 metre lamba basin shaayad ek dockyard tha. Steatite ki hazaaron chhoti seals, jin par ek jaanwar aur ek aisi lipi ke kuch signs hain jo ab tak samjhi nahi gayi, vyapaariyon ko apna maal aur ek doosre ko pehchaanne mein madad karti thin.

Purane logon ki zindagi

Archaeologists ko roz ki cheezein mili hain, jaise bronze ka sheesha, mitti ka bartan, patthar ke baat, bronze ki chheni, ek gamesboard aur mitti ki seeti, aur sanskritik aur prateekaatmak cheezein bhi: ‘Priest King’ kahi jaane waali murti, swastika waali seal, Pashupati Seal par teen chehron waali aakriti, Mohenjo-daro ki bronze ‘Dancing Girl’, ‘namaste’ mein baithi ek murti, aur Lothal ka ek bartan jo pyaase kauve ki kahani sunaata lagta hai.

Ant, ya nayi shuruaat?

Lagbhag 1900 BCE ke aas-paas cities ek-ek karke khaali hone lagi, aur log chhote gaon mein bikhar gaye. Yuddh ya hamle ka koi nishaan nahi mila; Harappans sena rakhte nahi lagte. Do kaaran ab maane jaate hain: 2200 BCE se duniya ke bade hisse mein aaya sookha mausam, aur Sarasvati ka apne beech ke basin mein sookh jaana, jisse Kalibangan aur Banawali jaisi cities ujad gayi. Harappan sanskriti aur technology ka bada hissa Indian civilisation ke agle daur mein chalta raha.

Aur padho Harappan civilisation kya thi? mein. Har sawaal ka jawab Chapter 6 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.