Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 NCERT Solutions Hinglish mein: The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation

Exploring Society: India and Beyond (2026-27 session) ke Chapter 6, The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation, ke Big Questions, har Let’s Explore aur Think About It box, aur saare 8 “Questions, activities and projects” ke jawab. Page numbers book se match karte hain. Kalpana aur charcha waale sawaalon ke sample jawab hain; tumhare jawab alag ho sakte hain. Short notes: Chapter 6 notes.

The Big Questions (page 85)

1. Civilisation kya hai?

Insaani samaaj ki ek viksit sthiti. Chapter ke hisaab se civilisation mein kam se kam ye hona chahiye: kisi tarah ki sarkaar aur administration; urbanism, yaani town-planning, cities aur unka paani aur naaliyon ka intezaam; tarah-tarah ke crafts; andar aur bahar ka vyapaar; kisi tarah ki likhaai; kala, imaarat, sahitya, maukhik parampara ya reeti-riwaaj mein dikhne waale sanskritik vichaar; aur itni kheti jo gaon aur cities dono ka pet bhare.

2. Indian Subcontinent ki sabse pehli civilisation kaunsi thi?

Harappan civilisation, jise Indus, Indus-Sarasvati ya Sindhu-Sarasvati civilisation bhi kehte hain. Ye northwest mein Indus, Sarasvati aur unki sahaayak nadiyon ke kinaare bani; iske towns lagbhag 2600 BCE mein cities bane, aur cities lagbhag 1900 BCE tak phali-phooli.

3. Iski mukhya uplabdhiyan kya thin?

Pakke nakshon se bani cities; naaliyon, eenton ke kuon aur Dholavira ke reservoirs se paani ka intezaam; Great Bath; bharpoor kheti, jisme Eurasia ki pehli kapaas bhi thi; carnelian ke moti, shankh ki chooriyan aur bronze jaise hunar; zameen, nadi aur samudra se vyapaar, Lothal mein dockyard ke saath; likhaai waali seals; aur, jahan tak saboot hai, ek kaafi shaant samaaj.

Civilisation kya hai? (pages 86–87)

Think About It: sabse buniyaadi khoobi (sample). Bharpoor kheti. Jab kisaan apni zaroorat se zyaada anaaj ugaate hain, tabhi baaki log cities mein reh kar shaasak, adhikaari, kaarigar, vyapaari ya likhne waale ban sakte hain. Jaisa book kehti hai, cities tabhi chal sakti thin jab gaon se roz kaafi upaj pahunche.

Let’s Explore: har khoobi ke liye pesha (sample).

Khoobi	Pesha
Sarkaar aur administration	shaasak, adhikaari, hisaab rakhne waale, pehredaar
Urbanism	naksha banaane waale, eent banaane waale, raajmistri, naali aur kuen saaf karne waale
Crafts	moti banaane waale, kumhaar, dhaatu ka kaam karne waale, chooriyan banaane waale, bunkar
Vyapaar	vyapaari, naav chalaane waale, kuli, maal taulne waale
Likhaai	likhne waale, seal tarashne waale
Sanskritik vichaar	kalaakaar, moortikaar, pujaari, kahaani sunaane waale, khilaune banaane waale
Kheti	kisaan, charwaahe, machhuaare, hal banaane waale

Gaon se city tak (pages 88–91)

Let’s Explore: cities ko aaj ke rajya ya ilaake se milaao.

Harappan city	Aaj ka rajya ya ilaaka
Dholavira	Gujarat
Harappa	Punjab (Pakistan)
Kalibangan	Rajasthan
Mohenjo-daro	Sindh (Pakistan)
Rakhigarhi	Haryana

Think About It: ‘Indus Valley civilisation’ naam purana kyun? Jab pehli sites Indus ke maidaanon mein mili, tab ye naam theek tha. Map dikhata hai ki sites us ghaati se bahut door tak hain: Haryana, Punjab aur Rajasthan mein Sarasvati ke kinaare, Gujarat mein Dholavira aur Lothal, aur door uttar mein Shortugai tak. Ek nadi ki ghaati se juda naam bahut chhota pad jaata hai.

Great Bath (page 93)

Let’s Explore: aakhri do vichaaron par bahas (sample points).

• Shaahi parivaar ka snaanghar: ye upper town mein tha, jahan shaayad elite rehte the, aur iska chhota size kuch hi logon ke liye theek lagta hai.
• Dhaarmik rasmon ka tank: dhyaan se kiya gaya waterproofing, seedhiyan aur aas-paas ke kamre, aur taaza paani bharne ki mehnat kisi khaas kaam ki taraf ishaara karti hai, jaise dhaarmik snaan.
• Aur vichaar: khaas dinon ke samaaroh ki jagah, ya saaf paani jama karne ki jagah. Koi inscription, text ya yaatri ka vivran nahi hai, isliye har vichaar sirf imaarat ko dekh kar banta hai.

Paani ka intezaam (pages 94–96)

Let’s Explore: Dholavira ke sabse bade reservoir, 73 metre, se mukaabla (sample). Lagbhag 8 metre lamba classroom: reservoir lagbhag 9 guna lamba hai (73 ÷ 8 ≈ 9). 30 metre ka corridor: lagbhag dhaai guna. 100 metre ka khel maidaan: reservoir uska lagbhag teen-chauthaai hai.

Think About It: reservoirs ke peeche ke mazdoor (sample). Shaayad shaasak ya city ke liye kaam karne waale engineer ya adhikaari kaam ki yojana banaate aur saaf nirdesh dete the. Aaj jaisa paisa nahi tha, isliye mazdooron ko anaaj, khaana, kapda ya doosri cheezon mein mehantaana mila hoga. Reservoirs ko samay-samay par saaf karna padta tha, isliye koi local authority unki dekhbhaal karti hogi. In sab se lagta hai ki ek shaasak tha jo bade kaam ki yojana bana sakta tha, aur ek sangathit nagar administration tha.

Khaana, vyapaar aur seals (pages 96–99)

Let us explore: ek Harappan khaana (sample). Jau ya gehun ki roti, haldi aur adrak waali daal, paki sabziyan, dahi ya doodh, nadi ke paas rehne waalon ke liye machhli, aur aakhir mein kela.

Let’s Explore: teen seals (sample). Unicorn, bail aur seeng waala baagh kisi parivaar, vyapaariyon ke samooh ya city ke prateek ho sakte hain, ya unka koi dhaarmik matlab ho sakta hai. Upar ke signs maalik ka naam ya padvi ho sakte hain. Geeli mitti par dabaane se seal shaayad batati ho ki gathri kiska maal hai.

Purane logon ki zindagi (pages 100–102)

Think About It: Harappans ke liye kya zaroori tha? Vyapaar aur sahi taul (patthar ke baat), hunar aur auzaar (bronze ki chheni), khaana pakaana aur rakhna (bartan), roop aur fashion (bronze ka sheesha, chooriyan, moti), khel (gamesboard, seeti), kahaniyan (kauve waala bartan), aur dhaarmik ya prateekaatmak zindagi (‘Priest King’, swastika seal, Pashupati Seal, namaste waali murti).

Let’s Explore: Lothal ka bartan aur ‘Dancing Girl’ (sample).

• Pyaasa kauva: kauve ko ek ghada milta hai jiske tale mein thoda paani hai; wo ek-ek kankad daalta hai, paani upar aata hai, aur wo pee leta hai. Ye kahaani shaayad peedhi dar peedhi daadi-naani bachchon ko sunaati rahi, aur baad mein likhi gayi.
• ‘Dancing Girl’: wo aaraam se aur aatmavishvaas ke saath khadi hai, ek haath kamar par. Uski chooriyan poori baanh dhakti hain, aur Pashupati Seal ki aakriti ki baanhon par bhi chooriyan dikhti hain. Gujarat aur Rajasthan ke kuch hisson mein aaj bhi auratein aise chooriyan pehenti hain, yaani kuch reeti-riwaaj 4,000 saal se zyaada purane hain.

Ant, ya nayi shuruaat? (pages 102–103)

Think About It. Gaon kheton aur paani ke paas hote hain. Jab baarish kam hui aur nadiyan sookhi, to city ki zindagi chalaana mushkil ho gaya, isliye log wahan chale gaye jahan khaana aur paani aasaani se milta tha.

Questions, activities and projects (page 104)

1. Kai naam kyun?

Indus: pehli sites Indus ke maidaanon mein mili; ‘Indus Valley’ ab purana naam hai. Harappan: archaeologists aksar kisi sanskriti ka naam uski pehli khodi gayi site par rakhte hain, yahan Harappa (1920–21). Indus-Sarasvati ya Sindhu-Sarasvati: kai sites Sarasvati ke kinaare hain, isliye ye naam dono nadi tantron ko shaamil karte hain; Sindhu Indus ka Bharatiya naam hai. Har naam batata hai ki civilisation kaise khoji gayi aur kitni door tak phaili thi.

2. Ek chhoti report (sample, lagbhag 160 shabd)

Indus-Sarasvati civilisation, lagbhag 2600 se 1900 BCE tak, ne duniya ki kuch sabse pehli planned cities banaayi. Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira aur Rakhigarhi mein dishaon ki taraf chaudi sadkein, fortification, aur alag upper aur lower town the. Chhote-bade ghar ek jaisi mehnat se bane, aur dhaki naaliyan ganda paani door le jaati thin. Mohenjo-daro mein eenton ke saikdon kuen aur khaas Great Bath tha, jabki Dholavira ne sookhi dharti mein paani bachaane ke liye chattaan kaat kar bade reservoirs banaye. Kisaan jau, gehun, millets, daalein aur sabziyan ugaate the, aur Eurasia mein sabse pehle kapaas ugaane waale the. Kaarigar carnelian ke motiyon mein chhed karte, shankh ki chooriyan tarashte aur bronze ke auzaar banaate the. Vyapaari zameen, nadiyon aur samudra se Iran aur Oman tak pahunchte the, aur Lothal mein 217 metre lamba dockyard tha. Steatite ki seals par aisi lipi hai jo hum ab bhi padh nahi paate. Samaaj shaant lagta hai, sena ka koi nishaan nahi. Cities ujadne ke baad bhi is sanskriti ka bada hissa India mein jeeta raha.

3. Harappa se Kalibangan (sample)

Dono sites seedhi rekha mein lagbhag 180 km door hain (kisi bhi asli raaste se zyaada).

Tareeka	Andaazan samay
Paidal, roz lagbhag 25 km	8–10 din
Bailgaadi, roz lagbhag 20–30 km	lagbhag ek hafta
Raaste ke kuch hisse mein naav	nadiyon par nirbhar; koi nadi dono ko seedha nahi jodti
Aaj car se, lagbhag 60 km ghante ki raftaar	4–5 ghante ki driving

Aaj dono ke beech India–Pakistan border bhi hai, isliye asli safar kaafi lamba hoga.

4. Aaj ki rasoi mein ek Harappan (sample)

1. Ek click se jalne waala gas stove, lakdi jama karne ki zaroorat hi nahi.
2. Nal se aata paani, aur khaana thanda rakhne waala fridge.
3. Steel aur plastic ke bartan, aur seeti maarta pressure cooker.
4. Aalu, tamatar aur mirch, jo America se India pichhle lagbhag 500 saalon mein hi aaye (Extra).
5. Mixer-grinder aur bane-banaaye khaane ke packet.

Jaani-pehchaani cheezein hongi gehun, jau, daal, doodh se bani cheezein, haldi, adrak, kela aur mitti ke bartan.

5. 21vi sadi mein bhi jaani-pehchaani cheezein

Poori baanh tak chooriyan, namaste ki mudra, swastika ka chinh, motiyon ke haar aur shankh ki chooriyan, bronze ka sheesha, kanghi, mitti ke bartan, board games, mitti ki seetiyan aur khilaune, taulne ke patthar ke baat, hal, aur pyaase kauve ki kahaani.

6. Dholavira ke reservoirs ke peeche ki soch

Aage ki yojana banaana aur sookhe ilaake mein har boond bachaana; ek bade saanjhe kaam par milkar mehnat; engineering aur patthar kaatne ka hunar; aur reservoirs ko saaf aur theek rakhne ka anushaasan. Paani ko keemti maana gaya aur baanta gaya.

7. Mohenjo-daro mein lagbhag 700 eenton ke kuen (charcha ke points)

• Zyaadatar logon ko ghar ke paas saaf paani milta tha, jo sehat aur safaai mein madad karta tha, aur samjhaata hai ki kai gharon mein apne bathroom kyun the.
• Itne kuen banaane aur theek rakhne ke liye kushal raajmistri aur kaam organise karne waali koi authority ya mohalle ke samooh chahiye the.
• Kai sadiyon tak inka use dikhata hai ki city sthir thi, aur log kai peedhiyon tak saanjhi cheezon ka khayal rakhte the.

8. Oonchi civic sense? (charcha ke points)

Saboot iska saath dete hain: ganda paani door le jaane waali naaliyan, theek rakhe gaye kuen aur reservoirs, planned sadkein, aur ek jaisi quality ke ghar. Hum sahmat ho sakte hain, ye yaad rakhte hue ki archaeologists sirf bache hue avshesh se andaaza lagaate hain. Aaj India ke kai bade shaharon mein khuli naaliyan, sadak par kooda aur barbaad hota paani kamzor civic sense dikhaate hain, jabki saaf-safaai ke award jeetne waale shahar, jaise Indore, dikhaate hain ki naagrik aur nagar nigam milkar kya kar sakte hain (Extra).

Aur padho Harappan civilisation kya thi? aur Harappan cities ki town planning mein.