Harappan civilisation kya thi?
Short mein jawab
Harappan civilisation, jise Indus ya Sindhu-Sarasvati civilisation bhi kehte hain, India ki sabse purani civilisation thi. Iski planned cities northwest mein lagbhag 2600 se 1900 BCE tak phali-phooli. Harappans jau, gehun aur kapaas ugaate the, moti aur bronze banaate the, zameen, nadi aur samudra se vyapaar karte the, aur ek anpadhi lipi waali seals use karte the.
Koi sawal atak gaya? Photo lo, Lagnever AI step-by-step samjhayega. 7 din ka trial sirf ₹2. Google Play se app lo
India ki pehli cities
Lagbhag 2600 BCE mein, Indian Subcontinent ke northwest mein, wo towns jo lagbhag 3500 BCE se gaon se bane the, cities ban gaye. India ke is First Urbanisation se duniya ki sabse purani civilisations mein se ek bani. Iske logon ko Harappans kehte hain, Harappa ke naam par, jo iski pehli khodi gayi city thi, 1920–21 mein. Cities lagbhag saat sadiyon tak, lagbhag 1900 BCE tak, phali-phooli.
Ek civilisation, kai naam
| Naam | Kyun |
|---|---|
| Indus | pehli sites Indus ke maidaanon mein mili |
| Harappan | Harappa pehli khodi gayi city thi |
| Indus-Sarasvati | kai sites Sarasvati ke kinaare bhi hain |
| Sindhu-Sarasvati | Sindhu Indus ka Bharatiya naam hai |
Book ye saare naam use karti hai. Wo ‘Indus Valley civilisation’ naam se bachti hai, kyunki civilisation Indus ke ilaake se bahut aage tak phaili thi.
Kahan bani
Punjab aur Sindh ke maidaanon ko Indus aur uski paanch mukhya sahaayak nadiyan seenchti hain, jisse wo upjaau bane. Aur poorab mein Sarasvati behti thi, Himalaya ki talhati se Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan aur Gujarat ke kuch hisson tak; aaj ye mausami Ghaggar-Hakra hai. Mukhya cities thin Harappa aur Mohenjo-daro (aaj Pakistan mein), Dholavira (Gujarat), Rakhigarhi (Haryana) aur Ganweriwala (Pakistan ke Cholistan registan mein), saath mein saikdon chhoti sites jaise Gujarat mein Lothal aur Rajasthan mein Kalibangan. Himalaya, Sulaiman Range aur Aravalli Range jaisi prakritik seemaayein is ilaake ko gherti hain.
Ise civilisation kya banaata hai
- Sarkaar aur urbanism: pakke nakshon par bani cities, naaliyon, kuon aur reservoirs ke saath, jinhe kisi ko organise aur maintain karna padta tha. Dekho Harappan cities ki town planning.
- Kheti: jau, gehun, millets, kabhi chaawal, daalein, sabziyan aur kapaas, jise Eurasia mein sabse pehle Harappans ne ugaaya. Saikdon gaon cities ka pet bharte the.
- Crafts: carnelian ke chhed kiye aur sajaaye moti, shankh ki chooriyan, aur bronze (taambe mein tin milaakar) ke auzaar, bartan aur murtiyan.
- Vyapaar: zameen, nadiyon aur samudra se; India ka pehla bada samudri vyapaar. Carnelian moti aaj ke Iran ke Susa tak pahunche, aur haathidaant ki ek kanghi Oman ke kinaare tak. Lothal mein 217 metre lamba dockyard tha.
- Likhaai: chhoti steatite seals par jaanwaron ke upar khude signs. Lipi aur jaanwaron ka matlab abhi samjha nahi gaya.
- Sanskritik vichaar: ‘Dancing Girl’, ‘Priest King’, Pashupati Seal jaisi murtiyan aur seals, khel, khilaune, aur ek bartan jo pyaase kauve ki kahani sunaata lagta hai.
Ek shaant samaaj?
Harappans sena ya yuddh ke hathiyaar rakhte nahi lagte, aur yuddh ka koi nishaan nahi mila. Archaeologist B.B. Lal ne unke samaaj ko santulit bataaya, jisme ameer aur gareeb ka farq bahut zyada nahi tha.
Ant, ya nayi shuruaat?
Lagbhag 1900 BCE se cities ek-ek karke khaali hui, aur log chhote gaon mein phail gaye, jahan khaana aur paani paana aasaan tha. Do kaaran maane jaate hain: 2200 BCE se aaya mausam ka badlaav, jisse baarish kam hui, aur Sarasvati ka apne beech ke basin mein sookhna, jiske baad Kalibangan aur Banawali jaisi cities chhod di gayi. Harappan sanskriti aur technology ka bada hissa Indian civilisation ke agle daur tak pahuncha.
Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Chapter 6 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore chapter ke liye Chapter 6 ke notes.
Practice karo
-
Harappans Eurasia mein sabse pehle kya ugaane waale the?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) kapaas
-
Carnelian kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) laal-sa keemti patthar
-
Harappan towns lagbhag kab cities bane?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 2600 BCE
-
Is civilisation ke logon ko Harappans kyun kehte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Kyunki Harappa, jo aaj Pakistan ke Punjab mein hai, is civilisation ki pehli city thi jise khoda gaya, 1920–21 mein.
-
Do saboot do ki Harappans door ke deshon se vyapaar karte the.
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Harappan carnelian moti aaj ke Iran ke Susa mein mile, aur ek Harappan haathidaant ki kanghi Oman ke samudri kinaare par mili. Lothal mein naavon ke liye bada dockyard bhi tha.
Students ke sawal
Harappan civilisation kya hai?
Indian Subcontinent ke northwest mein India ki sabse purani civilisation. Iski planned cities, jaise Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira aur Rakhigarhi, lagbhag 2600 se 1900 BCE tak Indus, Sarasvati aur unki sahaayak nadiyon ke kinaare phali-phooli.
Harappan civilisation ke kai naam kyun hain?
Archaeologists ne iska naam Indus nadi par rakha, jahan pehli sites mili; Harappa par, jo pehli khodi gayi city thi; aur Indus aur Sarasvati dono par, kyunki kai sites Sarasvati ke kinaare hain. Book ye saare naam use karti hai.
Harappan cities kyun ujad gayi?
Lagbhag 1900 BCE se cities khaali hone lagi. 2200 BCE se sookhe mausam ne kheti mushkil kar di, aur Sarasvati apne beech ke basin mein sookh gayi. Log gaon mein chale gaye, par unki sanskriti ka bada hissa aage chalta raha.
Koi sawal atak gaya?
Photo lo, Lagnever AI step-by-step samjhayega. 7 din ka trial sirf ₹2.
Google Play se app lo Browser mein kholo
Parents ke liye: trial ke baad plan har mahine UPI ya card autopay se renew hota hai. App mein kabhi bhi cancel kar sakte hain.