Class 7 Social Science Chapter 4: New Beginnings: Cities and States (Hinglish Notes)

Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?

Chapter Kautilya ke Arthashastra, shaasan-kala ke ek praacheen granth, ki salaah se khulta hai: rajya apni rajdhani aur seema ke qasbon ki kilebandi kare, apne logon ka pet bhare aur musibat mein baahar waalon ki bhi madad kare, kheti ki zameen, khaanon, jungalon aur charaagaahon ka upyog kare, sirf baarish pe nirbhar na rahe, achhi sadkein aur jalmaarg rakhe, aur uski arthvyavastha utpaadak ho. Ye salaah shehron aur rajyon ki duniya ke liye hai, aur ye chapter batata hai ki 1st millennium BCE mein Bharat mein aisi duniya kaise bani. Rajagriha (aaj ka Rajgir, Bihar), jo kabhi Magadha ki rajdhani thi, ke khandaharon ki photo uski ek jhalak deti hai.

Pehle shehron ke baad

2nd millennium BCE ki shuruaat mein Harappan sabhyata, jise hum Bharat ka First Urbanisation kehte hain, bikhar gayi. Kuch shehar chhod diye gaye; kuch mein log rahe, par gaon jaisa jeevan jeene lage. Shehar banaane waali har cheez khatam ho chuki thi: bade bhawan, bhari galiyan aur bazaar, khaas hunar waale kaarigar, likhaai, naaliyan, prashaasan aur shaasak varg waala rajya. Lagbhag hazaar saal tak Bharat mein shehar na ke barabar rahe, haalaanki uttar mein shaayad kuch qasbe the, aur kshetriya sanskritiyan chalti rahin.

Second Urbanisation

1st millennium BCE mein shehri jeevan laut aaya. Ye Ganga ke maidaanon, Indus (Sindhu) basin ke kuch hisson aur aas-paas ke kshetron mein shuru hua, aur dheere-dheere poore Subcontinent mein phaila. Iske do tarah ke saboot hain: khudaai, jisne in shehron ke avshesh dhoondhe, aur late Vedic, Buddhist aur Jain granth, jo baar-baar inka zikr karte hain. Is naye daur ko Bharat ka Second Urbanisation kehte hain, aur ye kabhi khatam nahi hua: aaj ke hamare qasbe aur shehar isi ka hissa hain. Padho Second Urbanisation kya hai.

Janapada aur mahajanapada

2nd millennium BCE ke ant ki or uttar Bharat mein logon ne clans banaaye, jinki shaayad bhaasha aur reeti-rivaaz ek the. Har clan apne ilaake, janapada, se jud gaya, jiska mukhiya raja tha. Jaise-jaise vyapaar ke network badhe aur unhe jodte gaye, kuch janapada mil gaye, aur 8th ya 7th century BCE tak in bade rajyon ko mahajanapada kaha jaane laga. Praacheen granthon ki listein alag hain, par sabse aam list mein 16 naam hain, uttar-pashchim mein Gandhara se poorv mein Anga aur Godavari ke paas Ashmaka tak. Kai mahajanapada upjaau Ganga ke maidaanon mein hain, pahaadiyon ke lohe ke paas aur naye vyapaar ke raaston pe.

Sabse taakatwar Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa aur Avanti the. Zyaadatar rajdhaniyan bade, mazboot kile-band shehar thin, deewaaron ke baahar khaai (moat) ke saath, aur unke darwaaze sankare rakhe jaate the taaki pehredaar dekh sakein ki kaun aur kya andar aa raha hai ya baahar ja raha hai. Inmein se zyaadatar rajdhaniyan aaj bhi zinda shehar hain, aksar lagbhag 2,500 saal purane. Padho mahajanapada kya the.

Shuruaati loktantrik paramparaayein

Har janapada ki ek sabha thi, sabha ya samiti, jismein shaayad zyaadatar buzurg the aur jahan clan ke maamlon pe charcha hoti thi. Achhe raja se ummeed thi ki iski aur mantriyon ki salaah maane, aur kuch granth kehte hain ki sabha ek nakaabil shaasak ko hata bhi sakti thi, haalaanki itne purane samay ke hamare saboot adhoore hain. Magadha, Kosala aur Avanti jaise kai mahajanapada asal mein monarchies the: aakhri adhikaar raja ka tha, ye pad aam taur pe pichhle raja ke bete ko milta tha, aur raja ke kaam the tax lena, vyavastha banaaye rakhna, kilebandi karwaana aur sena rakhna. Par kam se kam do, Vajji (ya Vrijji) aur uska padosi Malla, alag tareeke se chalte the. Inki sabha charcha se aur zaroorat pade to vote se faisla karti thi, aur raja ko bhi chunti thi. In ganas ya sanghas ko early republics kehte hain, duniya ke sabse shuruaati republics mein se.

Naye vichaar aur nayi technology

Ye gehre badlaav ka daur tha. Late Vedic, Buddhist aur Jain vichaardhaaraayein ghoomne waale vidwaanon, bhikshuon, bhikshuniyon aur teerthyaatriyon ke zariye phailin, aur kala ka naya daur shuru hua. Harappans ne copper aur bronze pe mahaarat haasil ki thi; naya daur lohe pe chala. Bharat ke kuch hisson mein 2nd millennium BCE ki shuruaat se loha nikaalne aur gadhne ke tareeke sidh ho chuke the, aur us millennium ke ant tak lohe ke auzaar aam ho gaye, jisse bade paimaane pe kheti hone lagi. Lohe ke hathiyaar bronze ke hathiyaaron se halke aur tez the, aur padosi mahajanapadon ke beech yuddhon, aur gathbandhanon, ke kuch saboot hain. Badhte vyapaar se Bharat ke pehle sikke bhi aaye, chaandi ke punch-marked tukde; baad mein taambe, sone aur doosri dhaatuon ke sikke bhi bane.

Varna-jati vyavastha

Jab samaj jatil hote hain, to log kaam, varg ya doosre aadhaar pe samooh banaate hain. Aadarsh roop mein ye samooh ek doosre ki madad karte hain, par aksar asamaanta bhi laate hain. Bharatiya samaj do tareekon se sangathit tha: jati, yaani kisi pesha se jude samudaay jinka hunar peedhi-dar-peedhi aage jaata tha, aur varna, Vedic granthon mein bataaye gaye chaar samooh. Shuruaati samay mein zaroorat padne pe pesha badla ja sakta tha, par baad mein ye vyavastha sakht ho gayi aur bhedbhaav ka kaaran bani. Padho varna aur jati vyavastha kya thi.

Baaki Bharat mein kya hua

Vyapaar, teerthyaatra aur sainik abhiyaanon ke liye raaste khule. Uttarapatha uttar-pashchim ko Ganga ke maidaanon aur poorvi Bharat se jodta tha, aur Dakshinapatha Prayagraj ke paas Kaushambi se Vindhya ki pahaadiyan paar karke dakshin jaata tha. Side roads dono tat ke vyast bandargaahon tak jaati thin. Poorv mein Shishupalgarh, jo Kalinga ki rajdhani thi aur aaj Bhubaneswar ka hissa hai, ka chaukor naksha, vishaal deewaarein aur chaudi sadkein thin. Dakshin mein lagbhag 400 BCE se shehar bane, aur teen rajya ubhre: Chola, Chera aur Pandya, jinka zikr sabse purane Tamil sahitya mein hai. Ratnon, sone aur masaalon se bharpoor dakshin Bharat ke andar aur videshon se vyapaar karta tha.

Aage badhne se pehle

300 ya 200 BCE tak lagbhag poora Subcontinent, Northeast samet, ek juda hua desh tha: saamaan aur sanskriti ek kshetra se doosre tak, aur aksar Central aur Southeast Asia tak jaate the. Lagbhag isi samay mahajanapada khatam ho gaye, aur samraajyon ke liye raasta bana. Big Questions, saare Let’s Explore aur chaaron sawaalon ke jawaab Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.