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Mahajanapadas kya the?

Short mein jawab

Mahajanapada 1st millennium BCE ke uttar aur madhya Bharat ke bade rajya the. Pehle clans apne ilaakon, janapadon, mein base, jinka mukhiya raja tha; 8th ya 7th century BCE tak kuch milkar mahajanapada ban gaye. Aam list mein 16 hain, jinmein Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa aur Avanti sabse taakatwar the, aur unki rajdhaniyan kile-band thin.

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Clans se janapada tak

Harappan shehron ke dhalne ke baad uttar Bharat ki kshetriya sanskritiyan dheere-dheere naye roop mein sangathit huin. 2nd millennium BCE ke ant ki or logon ne clans banaaye, aise samooh jinki shaayad bhaasha aur reeti-rivaaz ek the, aur har clan apne ilaake se jud gaya, jiska mukhiya raja, yaani shaasak, tha. Aisa ilaaka janapada kehlaata tha. Ye Sanskrit shabd jana, yaani log, aur pada, yaani pair, ko jodta hai: janapada vo jagah hai jahan logon ne pair rakha, yaani jahan ve bas gaye.

Janapada = jana (log) + pada (pair): clans apni zameen pe janapada ke roop mein base, aur kuch milkar mahajanapada bane
Clans se bade rajyon tak

Solah bade rajya

Jaise-jaise vyapaar ke network phaile aur janapadon ko jodte gaye, ve badhe. 8th ya 7th century BCE tak kuch janapada mil gaye, aur in bade rajyon ko mahajanapada kaha gaya. Praacheen granth inhe alag-alag ginte hain, par sabse aam list mein 16 hain: Anga (rajdhani Champa), Magadha (Rajagriha), Kashi, Kosala (Shravasti), Vajji ya Vrijji (Vaishali), Malla (Kushinara), Chedi, Vatsa (Kaushambi), Kuru (Indraprastha), Panchala (Ahichchhatra), Matsya (Virata), Shurasena (Mathura), Ashmaka, Avanti (Ujjayini), Gandhara (Takshashila aur Pushkalavati) aur Kamboja. Ye uttar-pashchim mein Gandhara se poorv mein Anga aur madhya Bharat mein Godavari nadi ke paas Ashmaka tak phaile the. Shaayad kuch aur bhi the, aur kuch chhote janapada aazaad chalte rahe. (Extra: book ke naqshe pe Kashi, yaani Varanasi ke aas-paas ke kshetra, ka naam nahi likha hai.)

16 mahajanapada aur unki rajdhaniyan; Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa aur Avanti chaar sabse taakatwar ke roop mein
16 mahajanapada

Ganga ke maidaanon mein itne kyun?

Naqshe pe kai mahajanapada Ganga ke maidaanon mein ikatthe dikhte hain. Book iske teen kaaran sujhaati hai. Upjaau maidaanon mein kheti badh saki aur zyaada logon ka pet bhar saki. Paas ke pahaadon aur pahaadiyon mein loha milta tha, aur lohe se behtar auzaar aur hathiyaar bane. Aur poore kshetra mein vyapaar ke naye network ban rahe the, jo rajyon ke beech saamaan pahunchaate the.

Chaar sabse taakatwar rajya

Sabse taakatwar mahajanapada Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa aur Avanti the. Unki rajdhaniyan aaj bhi maujood hain. Magadha ki rajdhani Rajagriha aaj Bihar ka Rajgir hai; Kosala ki rajdhani Shravasti Uttar Pradesh mein hai; Vatsa ki rajdhani Kaushambi Prayagraj ke paas hai; aur Avanti ki rajdhani Ujjayini aaj Madhya Pradesh ka Ujjain hai. Book mein Rajgir ki ek badi imaarat aur Kaushambi ke ek complex ke khandaharon ki photo hai.

Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa aur Avanti, unki rajdhaniyan Rajagriha, Shravasti, Kaushambi aur Ujjayini, aur aaj ki jagahein
Chaar taakatwar rajya, tab aur ab

Kile-band rajdhaniyan

Zyaadatar rajdhaniyan mazboot suraksha waale bade shehar thin. Shehar ke chaaron or ek moti deewaar, rampart, hoti thi, aur uske baahar khaai (moat), ek gehri, chaudi, paani se bhari naali. Deewaaron ke darwaaze jaan-boojhkar sankare rakhe jaate the taaki pehredaar andar aane ya baahar jaane waale logon aur saamaan ki jaanch kar sakein. Odisha ke Shishupalgarh mein ek darwaaza aaj bhi ye sankaraapan dikhata hai, baahar khaai ke saath. Kamaal ki baat ye hai ki in praacheen rajdhaniyon mein se zyaadatar aaj bhi zinda shehar hain, aksar lagbhag 2,500 saal purane.

Kile-band shehar ka naksha: paani se bhari khaai, moti deewaar, sankare darwaaze aur chaudi sadkein
Ek kile-band shehar

Shaasan kaise hota tha

Har janapada ki ek sabha thi, sabha ya samiti, jismein shaayad zyaadatar clan ke buzurg the. Achhe raja se ummeed thi ki iski salaah maane, aur kuch granthon ke anusaar sabha nakaabil shaasak ko hata bhi sakti thi. Mahajanapadon ne in vichaaron ko do tareekon se aage badhaaya. Magadha, Kosala aur Avanti jaise kuch rajya asal mein monarchies the: aakhri adhikaar raja ka tha, aur ye pad aam taur pe khaandaani tha. Vajji aur Malla mein sabha ke paas zyaada taakat thi; vo maamle charcha ya vote se tay karti thi, aur raja ko chunti thi. In gana ya sangha rajyon ko early republics kehte hain.

Monarchy, jismein khaandaani raja ko mantri aur buzurg salaah dete hain, aur gana ya sangha, jismein sabha charcha ya vote se faisla karti aur raja ko chunti hai
Shaasan ke do tareeke

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Mahajanapada 1st millennium BCE ke pehle sangathit rajya the, aur unke shehron ne Bharat ko Second Urbanisation tak pahunchaaya. Lohe, sikkon aur vyapaar ke saath ye naya shehri jeevan kaise badha, ye Second Urbanisation kya hai mein hai, aur samaj kaise sangathit tha, ye varna aur jati vyavastha kya thi mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 4 ke notes bhi dekho.

Practice karo

  1. Magadha ki rajdhani kaunsa shehar tha?

    1. (a) Shravasti
    2. (b) Rajagriha
    3. (c) Ujjayini
    4. (d) Kaushambi
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Rajagriha

  2. Shehar ki deewaaron ke darwaaze sankare kyun rakhe jaate the?

    1. (a) Patthar bachaane ke liye
    2. (b) Taaki pehredaar logon aur saamaan ki aawajaahi pe nazar rakh sakein
    3. (c) Baadh rokne ke liye
    4. (d) Kyunki gaadiyan chhoti thin
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Taaki pehredaar logon aur saamaan ki aawajaahi pe nazar rakh sakein

  3. Kaunsa mahajanapada sabse zyaada uttar-pashchim mein tha?

    1. (a) Anga
    2. (b) Gandhara
    3. (c) Ashmaka
    4. (d) Magadha
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Gandhara

  4. Ganga ke maidaanon mein itne mahajanapada kyun bane? Teen kaaran do.

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Upjaau maidaanon mein kheti badh saki; paas ke pahaadon aur pahaadiyon mein loha milta tha; aur naye vyapaar ke network is kshetra ko jod rahe the.

  5. Magadha jaisi monarchy mein raja ke kaam kya the?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Aakhri adhikaar raja ka tha, jise mantri aur buzurgon ki sabha sahaara deti thi, aur ye pad aam taur pe khaandaani tha. Raja ke kaam the tax ikattha karna, kaanoon-vyavastha banaaye rakhna, rajdhani ki kilebandi karwaana aur zameen ki raksha ya padosiyon se yuddh ke liye sena rakhna.

Students ke sawal

Janapada aur mahajanapada mein kya fark hai?

Janapada ek clan ka ilaaka tha, jiska mukhiya raja tha; janapada 2nd millennium BCE ke ant ki or bane. Mahajanapada, yaani bada janapada, kuch janapadon ke milne se bana bada rajya tha, 8th ya 7th century BCE tak. Kuch chhote janapada inke saath aazaad bhi chalte rahe.

16 mahajanapada kaun se the?

Sabse aam list mein Anga, Magadha, Kashi, Kosala, Vajji (Vrijji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Shurasena, Ashmaka, Avanti, Gandhara aur Kamboja hain. Ye uttar-pashchim mein Gandhara se poorv mein Anga aur madhya Bharat mein Godavari nadi ke paas Ashmaka tak phaile the.

Kaunse mahajanapada republic the?

Kam se kam do: Vajji, jise Vrijji bhi kehte hain, aur uska padosi Malla. In gana ya sangha rajyon mein sabha, yaani sabha ya samiti, ke paas zyaada taakat thi. Vo zaroori maamle charcha se aur zaroorat pade to vote se tay karti thi, aur raja ko bhi chunti thi, isliye scholars inhe early republics kehte hain.

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