Second Urbanisation kya hai?

Jab pehle shehar dhal gaye

Bharat ke pehle shehar Harappan, yaani Indus ya Sindhu-Sarasvati, sabhyata ke the, jise hum First Urbanisation kehte hain. 2nd millennium BCE ki shuruaat mein ye bikhar gayi. Kuch shehar chhod diye gaye; kuch mein log rahe par gaon ke jeevan pe laut aaye, kyunki poori shehri vyavastha gaayab ho chuki thi: bade saarvajanik aur niji bhawan, bhari galiyan aur bazaar, dhaatu ke kaarigar, kumhaar aur bunkar jaise khaas kaamgaar, likhaai, safaai ki vyavastha, prashaasan aur shaasak varg waala rajya. Lagbhag ek millennium tak Bharat mein shehri jeevan nahi raha, shaayad uttar ke kuch qasbon ko chhodkar.

Shehron ka naya daur

1st millennium BCE mein shehar phir se uthe, pehle Ganga ke maidaanon, Indus (Sindhu) basin ke kuch hisson aur unke aas-paas ke kshetron mein, aur phir dheere-dheere poore Subcontinent mein. Yahi Bharat ka Second Urbanisation hai. Ye kabhi ruka nahi: aaj jin qasbon aur shehron mein hum rehte hain, ve isi ko aage badhaate hain. Iska uday janapadon aur mahajanapadon ke saath-saath hua, jinki rajdhaniyan iske pehle bade shehar baneen.

Hum kaise jaante hain?

Do tarah ke strot in shehron ke baare mein batate hain. Archaeology ne inmein se kai ki khudaai ki hai, aur Rajgir, Kaushambi aur Shishupalgarh jaisi jagahon pe deewaarein, khaaiyan, darwaaze, sikke aur auzaar mile hain. Sahitya inka varnan karta hai: late Vedic, Buddhist aur Jain granth naye qasbon ke zikr se bhare hain, aur sabse purana Tamil sahitya dakshini rajyon aur unke rajaon ke naam leta hai. Ek strot doosre ki baat ki pushti karta hai.

Loha sab badal deta hai

Shehar banne ke liye technology chahiye. Harappans ne copper aur bronze pe mahaarat haasil ki thi; Second Urbanisation lohe pe chala. Bharat ke kai kshetron mein 2nd millennium BCE ki shuruaat se loha nikaalne aur gadhne ke tareeke sidh ho chuke the, aur us millennium ke ant tak lohe ke auzaar aam ho gaye. Lohe ki kulhaadiyon aur hal se jungal saaf karna aur bade paimaane pe kheti karna aasaan hua, aur extra anaaj se qasbon ka pet bhar saka. Loha hathiyaaron ke liye bhi bronze se behtar tha, halka aur tez: talwaarein, bhaale, teer aur dhaal. Padosi mahajanapadon ke beech yuddhon ke kuch saboot hain, haalaanki ve kitne aksar hote the, ye koi nahi bata sakta, aur yuddhon ke saath gathbandhanon se baad mein naye rajya aur samraajya bane.

Pehle sikke

Badhte vyapaar ko paise ki zaroorat thi, isliye Bharat ke pehle sikke aaye. Ye chaandi ke the, ek naram dhaatu jismein nishaan thoke ja sakte the, isliye inhe punch-marked sikke kehte hain. Baad mein taambe, sone aur doosri dhaatuon ke sikke bhi bane. Aam taur pe har mahajanapada apne sikke chalaata tha, par padosi kshetron ke sikke bhi istemaal hote the, aur jald hi sikke kshetron ke beech aur duniya ke doosre hisson ke saath bhi len-den mein aane lage.

Do shehri daur ki tulna

Dono daur ki tulna se pata chalta hai ki naya kya tha. Second Urbanisation Ganga ke maidaanon mein kendrit tha, usmein Buddhist aur Jain monasteries thin, usne aisa sahitya chhoda jo hum padh sakte hain, aur loha use kiya. Dono daur mein vyapaar tha aur dono mein copper aur bronze use hote the. Harappan samay mein yuddh ke saaf saboot kam hain, jabki mahajanapada aapas mein lade.

Sadkein, bandargaah aur naye kshetra

Vyapaar, teerthyaatra aur sainik abhiyaanon ke liye raaste khule. Uttarapatha uttar-pashchim se Ganga ke maidaanon hote hue poorvi Bharat tak jaata tha, aur Dakshinapatha Kaushambi se Vindhya ki pahaadiyan paar karke dakshin jaata tha. Side roads dono tat ke vyast bandargaahon tak pahunchti thin. Poorv mein Kalinga ki rajdhani Shishupalgarh ka sakht chaukor naksha, vishaal deewaarein aur chaudi sadkein thin. Dakshin mein lagbhag 400 BCE se shehar uthe, saath mein Chola, Chera aur Pandya rajya, jo ratnon, sone aur masaalon ka vyapaar poore Bharat aur videshon tak karte the. 300 ya 200 BCE tak lagbhag poora Subcontinent, Northeast samet, juda hua tha.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Second Urbanisation se Bharatiya shehron ki vo kahaani shuru hui jo aaj tak chal rahi hai. Isse aage badhaane waale rajya mahajanapada kya the mein hain, aur iska samaj kaise sangathit tha, ye varna aur jati vyavastha kya thi mein. Tulna waali table samet har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 4 ke notes bhi dekho.