NCERT Solutions Class 7 Social Science Chapter 4: New Beginnings: Cities and States (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond Grade 7 Part 1 (Reprint 2026-27) ke Chapter 4, New Beginnings: Cities and States, ke har sawaal ke jawaab: Big Questions, saare Let’s Explore aur Think About It, aur chaaron questions and activities. Page numbers book ke hisaab se hain (pages 67–81). Jin sawaalon mein tumhari apni raay maangi gayi hai, unke jawaab sample hain, apne hisaab se badlo. Chhote notes: Chapter 4 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 67)

1. ‘Second Urbanisation of India’ ka kya matlab hai? Ye Bharat mein shehri jeevan ka doosra bada daur hai. Pehla, Harappan (Indus ya Sindhu-Sarasvati) sabhyata, 2nd millennium BCE ki shuruaat mein bikhar gaya, aur lagbhag hazaar saal tak shehar na ke barabar rahe. 1st millennium BCE mein Ganga ke maidaanon, Indus basin ke kuch hisson aur aas-paas ke kshetron mein naye shehar bane aur dheere-dheere poore Subcontinent mein phaile. Tab se shehri jeevan bina ruke chalta aaya hai, isliye ye daur aaj bhi jaari hai.

2. Janapada aur mahajanapada Bharat ke shuruaati itihaas mein ek zaroori vikaas kyun the? Ye Harappan daur ke baad ke pehle sangathit rajya the. Inki rajdhaniyan kile-band shehar baneen, jinmein se kai aaj bhi zinda shehar hain, isliye inhone Second Urbanisation ki aguwaai ki. Inhone sabhaon ke saath shaasan ke tareeke viksit kiye, duniya ke sabse shuruaati republics mein se kuch samet. Inke daur mein lohe ke auzaar aur hathiyaar, pehle sikke, lambe vyapaar ke raaste, aur late Vedic, Buddhist aur Jain vichaaron ka phailaav aaya, aur isne baad ke samraajyon ki zameen taiyaar ki.

3. Inhone kis tarah ki shaasan vyavastha viksit ki? Har janapada ka ek raja tha jisse sabha, yaani sabha ya samiti, ki salaah lene ki ummeed thi, aur kuch granthon ke anusaar sabha nakaabil shaasak ko hata sakti thi. Mahajanapadon ne in vichaaron ko do tarah aage badhaaya. Magadha, Kosala aur Avanti jaise kuch rajya asal mein monarchies the: aakhri adhikaar raja ka tha, pad aam taur pe khaandaani tha, aur mantri aur buzurgon ki sabha raja ko sahaara deti thi. Doosre, kam se kam Vajji aur Malla, gana ya sangha the: sabha bade faisle charcha se aur zaroorat pade to vote se leti thi, aur raja ko bhi chunti thi. Inhe early republics kehte hain.

Think About It (page 70)

Itne saare mahajanapada Ganga ke maidaanon mein kyun hain? Book teen kaaran sujhaati hai: Ganga ke maidaanon ki upjaau mitti ne kheti badhaayi aur zyaada logon ka pet bhara; auzaaron aur hathiyaaron ke liye loha paas ke pahaadon aur pahaadiyon mein milta tha; aur naye vyapaar ke network is kshetra ko jod rahe the. Nadiyon ki wajah se naav se aana-jaana aur vyapaar bhi aasaan tha.

Let’s Explore (page 70)

Chaar sabse taakatwar rajya aur unki rajdhaniyan. Magadha ki rajdhani Rajagriha thi, aaj Bihar ka Rajgir; Kosala ki Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh mein; Vatsa ki Kaushambi, Prayagraj ke paas; aur Avanti ki Ujjayini, aaj Madhya Pradesh ka Ujjain. Chaaron ko aaj ki jagahon se milaaya ja sakta hai. (Extra: naqshe ki doosri rajdhaniyan bhi bachi hain, jaise Mathura, Vaishali, Bhagalpur ke paas Champa, Kushinara yaani aaj ka Kushinagar, Delhi ke andar Indraprastha, aur Takshashila yaani Pakistan ka aaj ka Taxila.)

Is naqshe aur Grade 6 ke Mahabharata ke kshetron waale naqshe mein common naam. Dono pe milne waale naamon mein Gandhara, Kosala, Magadha, Anga aur Avanti hain; Kashi, jo Grade 6 ke naqshe pe hai, 16 ki aam list mein bhi hai, haalaanki is book ke naqshe pe uska naam nahi likha. Aur naamon ke liye apna Grade 6 ka naqsha dekho: Mahabharata ki kahaani mein Kuru, Panchala, Matsya aur Chedi bhi aate hain. Isse lagta hai ki ye kshetra aur inke log achhi tarah sthapit the aur sadiyon tak yaad rakhe gaye, aur mahakaavya un zameenon ki yaadein sambhaale hue hai jo baad mein mahajanapada baneen.

Let’s Explore (page 74)

First aur Second Urbanisation ki tulna.

• Ganga ke maidaan: First, No (Harappan shehar mukhya roop se Indus-Sarasvati kshetra aur Gujarat mein the); Second, Yes.
• Monasteries: First, No; Second, Yes (Buddhist aur Jain bhikshu aur bhikshuniyan).
• Sahitya: First, No (likhaai thi, par aisa sahitya nahi jo hum padh sakein); Second, Yes (late Vedic, Buddhist, Jain aur dakshin mein Tamil).
• Vyapaar: dono mein Yes.
• Yuddh: First, No (saaf saboot nahi); Second, Yes (mahajanapadon ke beech yuddhon ke kuch saboot).
• Copper ya bronze: dono mein Yes.
• Loha: First, No; Second, Yes.

(Extra: kuch late Harappan jagahein Ganga-Yamuna kshetra ke pashchimi kinaare tak pahunchi thin, par Harappan shehar Ganga ke maidaanon mein nahi the.)

Let’s Explore (page 76)

Jatil samaj apne aap ko aise samoohon mein kyun baantta hai? Sambhav kaaran: kai hunar seekhne mein saalon lagte hain, isliye log ek kaam mein maahir hokar use behtar karte hain; parivaar aur samudaay apna hunar bachchon ko sikhaate hain; samooh ek doosre pe nirbhar hain aur len-den karte hain, kyunki kisaan kaarigaron ko anaaj dete hain aur kaarigar kisaanon ke auzaar banaate hain; bade shehar ko vyavastha chahiye, yaani shaasan, raksha, vyapaar aur padhaai sambhaalne waale log; kheti ka extra anaaj kuch logon ko doosre kaam karne deta hai; aur samooh apne sadasyon ko sahaara aur pehchaan deta hai.

1st millennium BCE ke jatil samaj ke aur pesha. Kumhaar, bunkar, rangrez, lohaar, sunaar, thatheraa (taambe ka kaarigar), badhai, raaj-mistri, manke banaane waale, shell ke kaarigar aur ratn kaatne waale; vyapaari, kaafilon ke mukhiya, naav chalaane waale aur naavik; sainik, saarathi, haathi sambhaalne waale aur dwaarpaal; mantri, tax wasoolne waale aur lekhak; shikshak, vaidya, purohit, bhikshu aur bhikshuniyan; sangeetkaar, nartak, chitrakaar aur moortikaar; sikke banaane waale taksaal ke kaamgaar; charwaahe, machhuaare aur kisaan.

Think About It (page 78)

Asamaanta aur samaanta. Ek sample jawaab, apne hisaab se badlo: Ek baar hamari class ke ek bachche ko team game se sirf is wajah se bahar rakha gaya ki uska ghar kahan tha; humne teacher se baat ki, aur agle din sab saath khele. Mujhe lagta hai samaanta zaroori hai, kyunki har insaan ko barabar izzat aur mauke milne chahiye, hunar kisi mein bhi ho sakta hai, aur nyaaypoorn samaj zyaada shaant rehta hai. Asamaanta kam karne waali pehlon mein Bharat ka Sanvidhaan hai, jo sabko kaanoon ke saamne barabari deta hai aur chhuaachhoot ko khatam karta hai; school ka mid-day meal, jise har pariwesh ke bachche saath khaate hain; aur Savitribai aur Jyotirao Phule jaise sudhaarak, jinhone ladkiyon aur har samudaay ke bachchon ke liye school khole.

Questions and activities (page 81)

1. Kautilya ki salaah: kya aaj bahut alag hai? Kautilya kehte hain ki rajya apni rajdhani aur seema ke qasbon ki kilebandi kare; apne logon ke liye, aur musibat mein baahar waalon ke liye bhi, kaafi anaaj ho; kheti ki zameen, khaanein, lakdi aur haathiyon ke jungal aur achhe charaagaah hon; paani ke liye sirf baarish pe nirbhar na rahe; achhi sadkein aur jalmaarg hon; aur kai cheezon waali utpaadak arthvyavastha ho. Aaj desh apni seemaon ki raksha sena se karta hai; anaaj ka stock rakhta hai aur aapda mein raahat bhejta hai, doosre deshon ko bhi; apne praakritik sansaadhanon ka upyog aur sanrakshan karta hai; nahar, baandh, kuein aur taalaab banaata hai; highways, railways aur bandargaah banaata hai; aur udyog aur sevaayein badhaata hai. To lakshya lagbhag wahi hain; tareeke badal gaye hain, aur aaj ke rajya loktantra, adhikaar, shiksha, swasthya aur paryaavaran ki raksha ka lakshya bhi rakhte hain.

2. Text ke anusaar shuruaati Vedic samaj mein shaasak kaise chune jaate the? Text dikhata hai ki raja akele ya manmaani se shaasan nahi kar sakta tha. Har clan ki ek sabha thi, sabha ya samiti (ye shabd pehli baar Vedas mein aate hain), jismein zyaadatar buzurg the; achhe shaasak se iski salaah maanne ki ummeed thi, aur kuch granthon ke anusaar ye nakaabil shaasak ko hata sakti thi. Monarchies mein pad aam taur pe khaandaani tha, yaani pichhle raja ke bete ko milta tha. Par gana ya sangha rajyon, Vajji aur Malla, mein sabha khud charcha ke baad, aur zaroorat pade to vote se, raja ko chunti thi.

3. Mahajanapadon pe kaam karne waale itihaaskaar ke strot.

• Archaeological strot: Rajgir aur Kaushambi jaise shehron ke khandahar unka aakaar aur imaaratein dikhate hain; Shishupalgarh jaisi deewaarein, khaaiyan aur darwaaze dikhate hain ki shehron ki raksha kaise hoti thi; punch-marked sikke vyapaar dikhate hain aur ye ki kaunse rajya paisa chalaate the; lohe ke auzaar aur hathiyaar kheti, shilp aur yuddh dikhate hain; Kodumanal ke shell aur ratnon ke udyog jaise kaarkhaanon ke avshesh shilp dikhate hain; aur Sanchi ke baad ke daur ke lohaar ki bhatti waale panel jaisi nakkaashi dikhati hai ki log kaise kaam karte the.
• Sahityik strot: late Vedic granth janapada, raja aur sabhaon ka varnan karte hain; Buddhist aur Jain granth 16 mahajanapadon ki list dete hain aur shehron, shaasakon, republics aur shikshakon ka varnan karte hain; Kautilya ke Arthashastra jaise shaasan-kala ke granth batate hain ki rajya kaise chalna chahiye; aur sabse purana Tamil sahitya dakshini rajyon aur unke rajaon ke naam leta hai.

Dono tarah ke strot ek doosre ko jaanchte hain: khudaai granthon mein bataaye shehron ki pushti karti hai, aur granth naam, vishwaas aur ghatnaayein batate hain jo cheezein nahi bata sakti.

4. Shehron ke badhne ke liye iron metallurgy itni zaroori kyun thi? Lohe ki kulhaadiyon aur hal ke phaalon se Ganga ke maidaanon mein jungal saaf karna aur zyaada zameen jotna aasaan hua, isliye extra anaaj uga. Ye extra anaaj un logon ka pet bhar sakta tha jo kheti nahi karte the: qasbon mein rehne waale kaarigar, vyapaari, sainik, adhikaari aur shikshak. Lohe ke auzaaron se badhai aur raaj-mistri ka kaam bhi aasaan hua. Bronze se halke aur tez lohe ke hathiyaaron se senaayein mazboot huin, jinhone qasbon aur vyapaar ke raaston ki raksha ki aur rajyon ko badhne mein madad ki. Paas ki pahaadiyon mein loha milna samjhaata hai ki itne mahajanapada Ganga ke maidaanon mein kyun bane, aur lohaar ek khaas shilp samooh ban gaye, jaisa Sanchi ki ek nakkaashi dikhati hai. Socho, ek gaon ko pehla lohe ka hal milta hai: vo zyaada anaaj ugaata hai, kuch qasbe mein bechta hai, aur badle mein bartan, kapda aur auzaar khareedta hai, aur qasba bhi badhta hai.

Revision ke liye Chapter 4 ke notes dekho, ya topics vistaar se padho: mahajanapada kya the, Second Urbanisation kya hai aur varna aur jati vyavastha kya thi.