India mein kitni tarah ki sadakein hain?

Ghar ke paas ki local sadakein bachchon ko school, fasal ko bazaar aur ambulance ko hospital pahunchaati hain. State highways ek state ke shehron aur zilon ko jodte hain aur states ke public works department banaate hain. National highways aur expressways alag states ke shehron ko jodte hain aur central government banaati hai.

Angrezon ne India mein railways kyun banaayi?

1853 se angrezon ne railways se kapaas aur chai jaisa kachcha maal Britain bhejne ke liye bandargahon tak pahunchaaya, British saamaan poore India mein failaaya, desh ke sansaadhan nikaale aur fauj jaldi bheji, jisse unka kabza mazboot hua. Baad mein vyapaar badha aur stationon ke paas naye kasbe base.

Aapda mein hawai yaatra kyun kaam aati hai?

Hawai jahaz safar ka sabse tez tareeka hai, aur ye oonche pahaad, registaan, ghane jangal aur door ke dweep aasaani se pahunch sakte hain. Isliye baadh ya bhookamp se kat gaye logon tak raahat, dawaaiyan aur bachaav dal jaldi pahunchaaye ja sakte hain.

India mein transport infrastructure

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Sadak aur highways

India ka sadak network duniya mein doosra sabse bada hai, USA ke baad (2024). Ghar ke paas ki local sadakein bachchon ko school, kisaanon ki fasal ko bazaar aur ambulance ko hospital pahunchaati hain. State highways ek state ke shehron aur zilon ko jodte hain aur state ka public works department inhe banaata aur sambhaalta hai. National highways aur expressways alag states ke shehron ko jodte hain, central government inhe banaati hai, aur ye railway station, airport aur bandargah se jude hote hain. National highways kul milaakar lagbhag 150,000 km (2025) hain; sabse lamba NH44, Srinagar se Kanyakumari tak 4,112 km chalta hai, aur Golden Quadrilateral Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai aur Kolkata ko jodta hai.

Sadak, gaon se desh tak

Nadiyon aur jangalon pe pul

Highways ghane jangal, chaudi nadiyon ya khadi pahaadiyon se seedhe nahi guzar sakte, isliye pul aur surang unhe paar karaate hain. Dhola Sadiya Bridge, yaani Bhupen Hazarika Setu, Brahmaputra ki sahaayak nadi Lohit ko Assam aur Arunachal Pradesh ke beech paar karta hai. 9.15 km lamba ye India ka doosra sabse lamba pul hai. Pehle naav baadh mein band ho jaati thi; ab log saal bhar, chaar ghante jaldi safar karte hain.

Dhola Sadiya Bridge

Meghalaya mein Khasi aur Jaintia log living root bridges ugaate hain, jinhe Khasi mein jingkieng jri kehte hain. Wo Indian rubber tree ki jadon ko baans ya taad ke tanon ke sahaare naale ke paar le jaate hain, aur dashakon mein jadein mudkar ek mazboot pul ban jaati hain jo saikdon saal chal sakta hai aur ek peedhi ko doosri se jodta hai.

Living root bridge

Railways

Angrez 1853 mein railways laaye taaki kapaas aur chai jaisa kachcha maal export ke liye bandargahon tak jaaye, British saamaan poore India mein bike, sansaadhan nikaale jaayein aur fauj jaldi pahunche. Network badhne ke saath vyapaar badha, bazaar bane aur stationon ke aas-paas kasbe base.

Railways tab aur ab

Aaj Indian Railways roz 2 crore se zyaada yaatri le jaati hai aur duniya ki sabse sasti train sevaaon mein se ek hai. Maalgaadiyan koyla, anaaj, kapda aur electronics sadak ke muqaable 75–90 pratishat kam energy mein dhoti hain. 2024 mein lagbhag 12.1 lakh log railways mein kaam karte the, aur stationon ke aas-paas khaana, saamaan bechne aur taxi se kai aur log kamaate hain. India ka network duniya mein chautha sabse bada hai aur lagbhag 97 pratishat ke saath, kitaab ke paanch deshon mein sabse zyaada bijli waala.

Bijli waali railways ki tulna

Railway tracks ki tulna

Trains kaise badlin

Metro trains

Metro 23 shehron mein 1,000 km se zyaada chalti hai, aur jald hi China aur USA ke baad duniya ka teesra sabse bada network hogi. Zameen ke neeche aur oonche tracks pe chalkar ye safar ka samay aur sadak ka traffic ghataati hai, aur bijli se chalti hai; Delhi Metro to kuch solar power bhi lagaati hai.

Hawai yaatra

Hawai jahaz jagahon ko jodne ka sabse tez tareeka hai. Yaatri flights log le jaati hain, aur cargo flights vaccine, chemicals aur seafood jaisa keemti ya jaldi kharaab hone waala saamaan. Hawai jahaz pahaad, registaan, jangal aur dweepon tak pahunch sakte hain, isliye baadh ya bhookamp ke baad madad jaldi laate hain. India mein 159 airport (2025) hain, aur gharelu hawai yaatra mein India duniya mein teesre number pe hai, 2024–25 mein lagbhag 37.6 crore yaatri. Bengaluru ka Kempegowda airport “garden city” ke vichaar pe bana hai.

Jahaz aur bandargah

India ka lagbhag 11,100 km lamba samudri kinaara use samudr ke raaste West Asia, Africa aur Europe se jodta hai. Koyla, car aur cement jaisa bhaari saamaan lambi doori tak le jaane ka jahaz sasta tareeka hai. India mein 12 major aur 217 minor bandargah hain, aur pichhle das saalon mein inke maal mein aadhe ka izaafa hua hai. Container traffic ko TEU, yaani twenty-foot equivalent units, mein naapte hain.

Major bandargah

Log aur saamaan le jaane ke paanch tareeke

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Har tarah ka transport alag zaroorat poori karta hai, aur sab milkar log aur saamaan poore India mein pahunchaate hain. Shuruaat infrastructure kya hai mein padho, aur sandesh kaise jaate hain communication infrastructure kya hai mein. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Part 2 Chapter 7 ke notes dekho.