Class 8 Science Chapter 8: Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures hamare aas-paas ke padaarth ko chhaantta hai. Mishran (mixture) do ya zyada padaarthon ka bina kisi chemical badlaav ke mel hai, jismein har ek apne gun rakhta hai; ye uniform ya non-uniform ho sakta hai. Shuddh padaarth mein sirf ek tarah ke kan hote hain: tatva (element) ko aur saral padaarthon mein nahi toda ja sakta, jabki yaugik (compound) tatvon ka nishchit anupaat mein chemical jod hai, naye gunon ke saath.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Seedhiyaan, hawa, bottle ka paani, lunch, kapde aur ped sab padaarth (matter) hain, nanhe kanon se bane. Par zyaadatar cheezein ek padaarth nahi, kai padaarthon ka mel hain. Chapter padaarth ko mishran aur shuddh padaarth mein baantta hai, shuddh padaarth ko tatva aur yaugik mein, aur sikhata hai ki mishran ko yaugik se kaise pehchaanein.
Mishran
Poha aur sprout salad cheezein milaakar bante hain, aur nimbu paani aur cheeni ka ghol bhi. Mishran mein har padaarth, yaani component, apne gun rakhta hai, aur components aapas mein react nahi karte. Sprout salad mein moong, chane, pyaaz aur tamatar aasaani se dikhte hain, isliye ye non-uniform mishran hai. Cheeni ke ghol mein kan microscope se bhi alag nahi dikhte, isliye ye uniform hai. Alloys dhaatuon ke uniform mishran hain: stainless steel (loha, nickel, chromium aur thoda carbon), peetal (copper aur zinc) aur kaansa (copper aur tin). Puraane Bharatiya granth inhe mishraloha kehte the. Padho mishran aur shuddh padaarth.
Hawa ek mishran hai
Hawa ek uniform mishran hai, zyaadatar nitrogen (lagbhag 78%) aur oxygen, saath mein argon, carbon dioxide aur bhaap. Khula chhoda lime water doodhiya ho jaata hai, kyunki hawa ki carbon dioxide na ghulne wala calcium carbonate banaati hai. Khidki ke paas rakhi kaali sheet par dhool jam jaati hai, par dhool aur kaalikh hawa ka hissa nahi; ye carbon monoxide aur sulfur dioxide jaisi gases ke saath pradooshak hain, aur air quality index (AQI) batata hai ki hawa kitni saaf hai.
Shuddh padaarth
Packet par ‘shuddh ghee’ ka matlab hai ki usmein koi sasti cheez nahi milaayi gayi; aisa karna milaavat hai, jo gair-kaanooni hai aur nuksaandeh ho sakti hai. Science mein shuddh ka matlab zyada sakht hai: shuddh padaarth mein sirf ek tarah ke kan hote hain, aur koi physical tareeka use doosre padaarthon mein nahi baant sakta. Doodh aur fruit juice mishran hain, jabki cheeni aur baking soda shuddh padaarth. Shuddh padaarth do tarah ke hote hain: tatva aur yaugik.
Tatva
Jab 9 V battery ki bijli thode dilute sulfuric acid wale paani se guzarti hai, to dono terminals par bulbule uthte hain. Ek gas pop ki awaaz ke saath jalti hai: hydrogen. Doosri lau ko aur tez kar deti hai: oxygen. Hydrogen aur oxygen tatva hain, aise padaarth jo aur saral cheezon mein nahi tootte. Har tatva apne ek-jaise atoms se bana hai, aur zyaadatar atoms judkar molecules banaate hain, jaise do hydrogen atoms ka hydrogen molecule. 118 maaloom tatvon mein zyaadatar thos hain; gyaarah gases hain aur sirf mercury aur bromine liquid. Tatva metals, non-metals ya metalloids hote hain. Padho tatva aur yaugik.
Yaugik
Paani ko kisi physical tareeke se hydrogen aur oxygen mein alag nahi kar sakte, kyunki unke kan nishchit anupaat mein chemical roop se jude hain: har oxygen atom ke saath do hydrogen atoms. Aisa padaarth yaugik hai, aur uske gun naye hote hain: hydrogen indhan hai aur oxygen jalne mein madad karti hai, par paani aag bujhaata hai. Naram, tez react karne wala sodium aur zehreeli chlorine milkar khaane ka surakshit namak banaate hain. Cheeni garam karne par kaala carbon bachta hai aur paani nikalta hai, isliye cheeni carbon, hydrogen aur oxygen ka yaugik hai.
Mishran ya yaugik?
Iron ka boora aur sulfur powder milaao: dono ab bhi dikhte hain, aur magnet iron ko kheench leta hai. Dilute hydrochloric acid ke saath iron hydrogen deta hai aur sulfur bacha rehta hai. Ab mishran ko garam karo: ye ek kaala dhela ban jaata hai, iron sulfide, jise magnet alag nahi kar sakta aur jo acid ke saath badboodaar hydrogen sulfide deta hai. Garmi ne naya yaugik bana diya. Padho mishran aur yaugik mein antar.
Tatva, yaugik aur mishran ka istemaal
Loha aur aluminium pul aur gaadiyaan banaate hain; chemists tatvon ko jodkar dawaaiyaan, vaccines aur khaad banaate hain; stainless steel jaise alloys shuddh lohe se mazboot hain; aur lakdi, steel aur concrete sab mishran hain. Carbon se bana graphene aerogel itna halka hai ki ghaas use utha leti hai, aur ye tel ke failaav saaf karne mein kaam aa sakta hai. Zyaadatar chattanein minerals ka mishran hain; sone jaise native minerals shuddh tatva hain, par quartz aur calcite jaise zyaadatar minerals yaugik hain. Bihar aur Odisha ke Dhokra kalaakaar mom ke model se bane mitti ke saanche mein peetal ya kaanse ki moortiyaan dhaalte hain.
Aage badhne se pehle
Jiska bhaar ho aur jo jagah ghere, wo padaarth hai, tatvon aur yaugikon se bana, akela ya mila hua. Roshni, garmi, bijli, vichaar aur bhaavnaayein asli hain par padaarth nahi. Har sawaal ke jawab Chapter 8 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Mishran (mixture) | Do ya zyada padaarth jo ek saath mile hon, har ek apne gun rakhe, aur unke beech koi chemical reaction na ho. |
| Components | Mishran mein maujood har alag padaarth; science mein har component khud shuddh padaarth hona chahiye. |
| Uniform mishran | Aisa mishran jiske components barabar faile hon aur alag na dikhen, jaise cheeni ka ghol, hawa ya peetal. |
| Non-uniform mishran | Aisa mishran jiske components aankh ya magnifying glass se alag dikhen, jaise sprout salad ya paani mein ret. |
| Alloy (mishraloha) | Dhaatuon ka uniform mishran, kabhi ek non-metal ke saath, jaise stainless steel, peetal ya kaansa; puraane Bharatiya granthon mein ise mishraloha kaha gaya. |
| Milaavat (adulteration) | Kisi cheez mein sasti ya ghatiya cheez gair-kaanooni tareeke se milaana, jisse uski quality girti hai aur sehat ko nuksaan ho sakta hai. |
| Shuddh padaarth (pure substance) | Sirf ek tarah ke kanon se bana padaarth, jise koi physical tareeka doosre padaarthon mein nahi baant sakta. |
| Tatva (element) | Aisa shuddh padaarth jo aur saral padaarthon mein nahi toota; saare padaarth isi se bante hain, jaise loha, oxygen aur sona. |
| Parmaanu (atom) | Kisi tatva ka nanha ek-jaisa kan; ek tatva ke atoms doosre har tatva ke atoms se alag hote hain. |
| Anu (molecule) | Do ya zyada atoms ke judne se bana sthir kan, jaise hydrogen molecule (do hydrogen atoms). |
| Yaugik (compound) | Do ya zyada tatvon ke nishchit anupaat mein chemical judne se bana shuddh padaarth, jiske gun unse alag hote hain. |
| Metalloid | Aisa tatva jiske gun metals aur non-metals ke beech ke hon, jaise silicon aur boron. |
| Mineral (khanij) | Nishchit chemical banaavat wala kudrati thos padaarth; zyaadatar yaugik hote hain, par sone jaise native minerals shuddh tatva hote hain. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Inmein se kaun sa uniform mishran hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Paani mein ghuli cheeni
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Peetal (brass) kiska mishran hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) copper aur zinc
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Activity 8.3 mein kaun si gas pop ki awaaz ke saath jalti hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) hydrogen
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Paani mein hydrogen aur oxygen atoms ka anupaat kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) 2 : 1
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Kamre ke taapmaan par kaun sa tatva liquid metal hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Mercury
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Jo mineral shuddh tatva ho, use kya kehte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) native mineral
Students ke sawal
Class 8 Science Chapter 8 mein kya-kya hai?
Mishran aur unke components; uniform aur non-uniform mishran, alloys aur hawa; mishranon ke prakaar; rozmarra aur science mein shuddh ka matlab; tatva, atoms aur molecules; yaugik aur unke nishchit anupaat; iron aur sulfur se mishran aur yaugik ka farq; aur tatvon, yaugikon, mishranon aur minerals ka istemaal.
Kya Nature of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures nayi NCERT Class 8 Science book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Curiosity, Class 8 Science textbook (Reprint 2026-27) ka Chapter 8 hai, pages 116 se 133 tak. Ye Particulate Nature of Matter ke baad aata hai, jisne dikhaaya tha ki saara padaarth nanhe kanon se bana hai.
Tatva aur yaugik mein kya farq hai?
Tatva, jaise hydrogen ya loha, ek hi tarah ke atoms se bana hai aur aur saral padaarthon mein nahi tootta. Yaugik, jaise paani, do ya zyada tatvon ka nishchit anupaat mein chemical jod hai; ise sirf chemical badlaav se toda ja sakta hai, jaise bijli paani ko hydrogen aur oxygen mein todti hai.
Hawa mishran hai ya yaugik?
Hawa uniform mishran hai. Iski gases, khaas kar nitrogen aur oxygen, apne gun rakhti hain, kisi nishchit anupaat mein judi nahi hain, aur bhaap aur dhool ki maatra jagah-jagah badalti hai, jo kisi yaugik ki banaavat mein kabhi nahi hota.
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