Mishran aur shuddh padaarth (mixtures and pure substances)
Short mein jawab
Mishran do ya zyada padaarthon ka bina chemical badlaav ke mel hai, isliye har ek apne gun rakhta hai, jaise poha, cheeni ka ghol ya hawa. Ye uniform ya non-uniform ho sakta hai. Shuddh padaarth mein sirf ek tarah ke kan hote hain aur use physical tareekon se alag nahi kar sakte; tatva aur yaugik shuddh padaarth hain.
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Mishran kya hai?
Poha aur sprout salad bilkul alag lagte hain, par dono kai cheezein milaakar bante hain, aur soup, nimbu paani aur cheeni ka ghol bhi. Jab do ya zyada padaarth saath rakhe jaayein aur har ek apne gun rakhe, to mishran banta hai. Iska har padaarth component kehlaata hai, aur components aapas mein chemical reaction nahi karte. Isiliye cheeni ke ghol mein cheeni ki mithaas bani rehti hai, aur salad ke chane ab bhi chane jaise dikhte aur lagte hain.
Uniform aur non-uniform mishran
Kuch mishranon mein components aasaani se dikhte hain. Sprout salad mein moong, chane, pyaaz aur tamatar aankh ya magnifying glass se alag dikhte hain, isliye ye non-uniform mishran hai; paani mein ret bhi aisa hi hai. Kuch mein components itne barabar faile hote hain ki microscope se bhi alag nahi dikhte. Cheeni aur paani ke kan ek hi liquid jaise lagte hain, isliye cheeni ka ghol uniform mishran hai, aur samudra ka paani, sirka aur hawa bhi.
Alloys: dhaatuon ke uniform mishran
Stainless steel ek dhaatu jaisa dikhta hai, par ye loha, nickel, chromium aur thode carbon ka mishran hai, itna barabar mila ki koi hissa alag nahi dikhta. Dhaatuon ke aise uniform mishran alloys kehlaate hain. Peetal copper aur zinc hai, aur kaansa copper aur tin. Charaka Samhita aur Susruta Samhita jaise puraane Bharatiya granth alloys ko mishraloha kehte the aur dawa mein unke istemaal ka zikr karte the; kaansa, yaani kamsya, chaar hisse tamba (tamra) aur ek hissa tin (vanga) se banta tha.
Alloys kala mein bhi hain. Bihar aur Odisha ki puraani kala Dhokra mein mom se bani moorti par mitti chadhaayi jaati hai, mom pighlaakar nikaala jaata hai, aur khaali jagah mein pighla peetal ya kaansa daalkar jaanvaron, logon aur kudrat ki mazboot, sunehri moortiyaan banti hain.
Mishranon ke prakaar
Mishranon ko unke components ki avastha se bhi chhaanta ja sakta hai. Hawa gas mein gas hai; soda water liquid mein gas; hawa mein carbon ke kan gas mein thos; sirka liquid mein liquid, aur tel-paani bhi, halaanki wo parton mein bant jaata hai; paani mein ret aur samudra ka paani liquid mein thos; aur baking powder aur alloys thos mein thos. Har prakaar mein kuch uniform hain aur kuch nahi. Rozmarra ki bhaasha mein mishran mein doosre mishran ho sakte hain, jaise poha mein; science mein mishran ka har component shuddh padaarth hona chahiye.
‘Shuddh’ ka matlab kya hai?
Doodh, ghee aur masaalon ke packet par aksar ‘shuddh’ likha hota hai. Rozmarra mein iska matlab hai bina milaavat: maatra badhaane ya kharcha ghataane ke liye koi sasti ya ghatiya cheez nahi milaayi gayi. Milaavat gair-kaanooni hai, quality bigaadti hai aur khaane ko nuksaandeh bana sakti hai. Science mein ye shabd zyada sakht hai. Shuddh padaarth mein sirf ek tarah ke kan hote hain, aur koi physical tareeka use doosre padaarthon mein nahi baant sakta. Is kasauti par doodh, packet wala fruit juice aur mitti mishran hain, jabki cheeni aur baking soda shuddh padaarth.
Mishran alag kyon karein?
Rozmarra mein hum mishran se kaam ki cheez rakhte hain, jaise chawal se kankad beenna. Science mein mishran isliye alag kiye jaate hain taaki shuddh padaarthon ko akele padha ja sake. Shuddh padaarth do tarah ke hain, tatva aur yaugik: dekho tatva aur yaugik aur mishran aur yaugik mein antar. Poora chapter Chapter 8 ke notes mein hai, aur har jawab NCERT solutions mein.
Practice karo
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Inmein se non-uniform mishran kaun sa hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Sprout salad
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Kaansa (bronze) kin dhaatuon ka alloy hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) copper aur tin
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Science mein inmein se shuddh padaarth kaun sa hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (d) Baking soda
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Samudra ka paani uniform hai ya non-uniform? Kaaran do.
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Uniform. Namak paani mein ghulkar barabar faila hota hai, isliye alag nahi dikhta, halaanki paani udaakar namak waapas mil jaata hai.
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Scientists mishranon ko alag kyon karte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Rozmarra mein hum mishran se kaam ki cheez rakhkar baaki phenk dete hain. Science mein maksad mishran se shuddh padaarth nikaalna hota hai.
Students ke sawal
Class 8 Science mein mishran kya hai?
Jab do ya zyada padaarth saath rakhe jaayein aur har ek apne gun rakhe, to mishran banta hai. In padaarthon, yaani components, ke beech koi chemical reaction nahi hota. Poha, sprout salad, nimbu paani, soup, cheeni ka ghol, samudra ka paani aur hawa sab mishran hain.
Uniform aur non-uniform mishran mein kya farq hai?
Uniform mishran mein components barabar faile hote hain aur microscope se bhi alag nahi dikhte, jaise cheeni ka ghol, hawa ya peetal. Non-uniform mishran mein components aankh ya magnifying glass se alag dikhte hain, jaise sprout salad ya ret aur paani.
Shuddh padaarth kya hai?
Science mein shuddh padaarth wo hai jismein sirf ek tarah ke kan hon. Koi physical tareeka use doosre padaarthon mein nahi baant sakta. Loha aur oxygen jaise tatva, aur paani aur cheeni jaise yaugik, shuddh padaarth hain.
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