Tatva aur yaugik (elements and compounds)
Short mein jawab
Tatva aur yaugik shuddh padaarthon ke do prakaar hain. Tatva, jaise hydrogen, oxygen ya loha, ek hi tarah ke atoms se bana hai aur aur saral padaarthon mein nahi tootta. Yaugik, jaise paani, namak ya cheeni, tab banta hai jab tatva nishchit anupaat mein chemical roop se judte hain, aur uske gun unse bilkul alag hote hain.
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Paani ko todna
Paani ko garam ya thanda karne se sirf uski avastha badalti hai; kan paani hi rehte hain. Usmein bijli guzaarna alag baat hai. Activity 8.3 mein paani se bhari do test tubes ek 9 V battery ke terminals par rakhi jaati hain, jo thode dilute sulfuric acid wale paani mein hai. Dono terminals par bulbule uthte hain, aur ek tube mein doosri se lagbhag doguni gas jama hoti hai. Pehli tube ke paas jalti mombatti se pop ki awaaz aati hai: ye hydrogen hai. Doosri ke paas lau aur tez ho jaati hai: ye oxygen hai. Matlab paani do alag padaarthon se bana hai, aur use todna chemical badlaav hai.
Tatva, atoms aur molecules
Hydrogen aur oxygen ko aur nahi toda ja sakta. Aise shuddh padaarth tatva hain, jinse saara padaarth bana hai; sona, chaandi, sulfur aur carbon bhi tatva hain. Har tatva atoms naam ke ek-jaise kanon se bana hai, jo kisi aur tatva ke atoms se alag hote hain. Zyaadatar atoms akele nahi rehte: do ya zyada judkar sthir molecule banaate hain, isliye hydrogen molecule do hydrogen atoms ka aur oxygen molecule do oxygen atoms ka hota hai.
Kitne tatva hain?
Scientists 118 tatva jaante hain, aur zyaadatar thos hain. Kamre ke taapmaan par gyaarah gases hain, sab non-metals, jaise oxygen, nitrogen aur helium. Sirf do liquid hain: mercury, ek metal, aur bromine, ek non-metal; gallium aur caesium thos hain jo lagbhag 30 °C par pighal jaate hain. Tatvon ke samooh hain metals (sona, chaandi, magnesium, loha, aluminium), non-metals (carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen) aur metalloids, jaise silicon aur boron, jinke gun beech ke hain. Ek mobile phone mein hi 45 se zyada tatva lagte hain.
Yaugik: nishchit anupaat aur naye gun
Paani mein hydrogen aur oxygen ke kan itni mazbooti se jude hain ki koi physical tareeka unhe alag nahi kar sakta. Paani ek yaugik hai: tatva chemical roop se nishchit anupaat mein jude hue, yahan har oxygen atom ke saath do hydrogen atoms. Yaugik ke gun apne hote hain. Hydrogen indhan hai aur oxygen jalne mein madad karti hai, phir bhi paani aag bujhaata hai. Naram metal sodium aur khatarnaak gas chlorine ek-ek ke anupaat mein judkar sodium chloride banaate hain, wahi namak jo khaane ka swaad badhaata hai. Ghula namak paani udaakar waapas mil jaata hai, par koi physical tareeka namak ko sodium aur chlorine mein nahi todta.
Kya cheeni tatva hai?
Ek chammach cheeni boiling tube mein halke se garam karo. Wo bhoori hoti hai aur phir jalkar kaali, aur khule munh ke paas paani ki boondein dikhti hain. Tube garam ho rahi hai, isliye paani hawa se nahi aa sakta; wo cheeni se aaya hai. Peechhe kaala carbon, yaani charcoal, bachta hai. Cheeni carbon aur paani mein tootti hai, aur paani hydrogen aur oxygen hai, isliye cheeni carbon, hydrogen aur oxygen ka yaugik hai.
Chattanon mein tatva aur yaugik
Zyaadatar chattanein minerals ka mishran hain. Kuch minerals, jinhe native minerals kehte hain, shuddh tatva hain: sona, chaandi aur copper jaise metals, aur sulfur aur carbon jaise non-metals. Isiliye sona mineral bhi hai aur metal bhi. Par zyaadatar minerals yaugik hain. Mishran aur yaugik ki tulna mishran aur yaugik mein antar mein dekho, mishran aur shuddh padaarth dohraao, ya Chapter 8 ke notes aur NCERT solutions padho.
Practice karo
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Inmein se tatva kaun sa hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Sulfur
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Abhi tak kitne tatva maaloom hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) 118
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Silicon aur boron kya hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) metalloids
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Cheeni garam karne se uske baare mein kya pata chalta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Cheeni bhoori hoti hai, phir jalkar kaala carbon ban jaati hai, aur tube ke munh ke paas paani ki boondein banti hain. Paani hydrogen aur oxygen hai, isliye cheeni carbon, hydrogen aur oxygen ka yaugik hai, tatva nahi.
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Kya koi padaarth tatva aur yaugik dono ho sakta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Nahi. Tatva aur saral padaarthon mein nahi tootta, jabki yaugik do ya zyada tatvon se bana hai aur chemical badlaav se toot sakta hai. Koi padaarth ek saath dono nahi ho sakta.
Students ke sawal
Tatva kya hai?
Tatva aisa shuddh padaarth hai jise aur saral padaarthon mein nahi toda ja sakta. Ye atoms naam ke ek-jaise kanon se bana hai, jo har doosre tatva ke atoms se alag hote hain. Sona, chaandi, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen aur oxygen tatva hain; saara padaarth inhi se bana hai.
Yaugik kya hai?
Yaugik tab banta hai jab do ya zyada tatva nishchit anupaat mein chemical roop se judte hain. Iske gun apne tatvon se alag hote hain, aur ise kisi physical tareeke se unmein alag nahi kar sakte. Paani (hydrogen aur oxygen, 2 : 1), sodium chloride (sodium aur chlorine, 1 : 1) aur cheeni yaugik hain.
Atom aur molecule mein kya farq hai?
Atom kisi tatva ka sabse chhota kan hai. Zyaadatar atoms akele nahi reh paate, isliye do ya zyada judkar molecule banaate hain. Do hydrogen atoms se hydrogen molecule banta hai, aur do hydrogen atoms aur ek oxygen atom se paani ka molecule, jo yaugik hai.
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