Constitution kaise bana?

Desh ke liye rulebook

Ek state-level kabaddi final socho. Doosri team ki ek raider pakdi jaati hai, par wo kehti hai ki wo pehle hi apne paale mein laut chuki thi. Referee ne dekha ki wo out thi, aur maamla shaanti se suljhaane ke liye wo official rulebook nikaalti hai; dono captain uske saath niyam padhte hain aur faisle par raazi ho jaate hain. Rulebook ke bina har team apna version kehti aur match jhagde mein khatam ho sakta tha. Desh ko bhi aisi rulebook chahiye, jo nishpaksh tareeke se bani ho aur sab maanein, aur Bharat ke liye wo rulebook samvidhaan hai.

Samvidhaan mein kya hota hai

Samvidhaan desh ke buniyaadi siddhaant aur kanoon tay karta hai. Ye sarkaar ke teen ang, legislature, executive aur judiciary, aur unki bhoomika batata hai; unke beech checks and balances, jo har ang ko nishpaksh, zimmedaar aur jawaabdeh rakhte hain; naagrikon ke adhikaar aur kartavya; aur desh ke lambe lakshya. Ye tay karta hai ki kanoon kaise bante aur laagu hote hain, executive ko kaun chunta hai aur judiciary kaise banti hai. Bharat samet kai samvidhaan desh ke moolya bhi likhte hain, jaise samaanta, nyay, bandhutva, bahulta aur swatantrata, aur yahi moolya uske kanoonon ka aadhaar bante hain. President samvidhaan ki raksha ki shapath lete hain, aur pradhan mantri, mantri aur judge ise maanne ka vachan dete hain.

Constituent Assembly

Aazaadi se pehle hi netaaon ko tay karna tha ki itna bada aur vividh Bharat khud par kaise raaj karega. Constituent Assembly 9 December 1946 ko bani. Iske sadasya praanton ki vidhaan sabhaaon ne chune, jinke sadasya khud logon ne chune the. Shuru mein 389 sadasya the, Partition ke baad 299, jinme 15 mahilaayein thi, kai kshetron, peshon aur samaajik samoohon se. Bilkul shuruaat mein Dr Sachidananda Sinha ne adhyakshata ki, aur Dr Rajendra Prasad iske Chairman the. Samaaj sudhaarak aur baad mein aazaad Bharat ke pehle Kanoon aur Nyay mantri Dr B.R. Ambedkar ki adhyakshata waali Drafting Committee ne pehla text taiyaar kiya. Lagbhag teen saal ke kaam ke baad samvidhaan 26 November 1949 ko apnaaya gaya, jo din ab Constitution Day hai, aur 26 January 1950, Republic Day, ko laagu hua.

Aazaadi ka andolan aur Bharat ki virasat

Assembly ke kai sadasyon ne aazaadi ki ladaai ka netritva kiya tha, aur ve uske moolya saath laaye: sabke liye samaanta aur nyay, swatantrata, bandhutva, Bharat ki saanskritik virasat ki dekhbhaal, aur ye vichaar ki samvidhaan khud in lakshyon tak pahunchne ka zariya hai. Ladaai ne vyavahaarik sawaalon ke jawaab dene mein bhi madad ki: har vayask vote kaise de, teeno angon ko alag kaise rakhein, maulik adhikaaron ki raksha kaise ho, samvidhaan mein badlaav kaise ho, aur Kendra aur rajyon ka rishta kaisa ho. Bharat ki sabhyataagat virasat ne alag vichaaron ko sweekaarna, Prakriti ko pavitra maanna, gyaan ko mahatva dena, mahilaaon ka sammaan, vasudhaiva kutumbakam (‘duniya ek parivaar hai’) aur sarve bhavantu sukhinah (sabka kalyaan) jaise vichaar diye. Janapadon aur sanghon se lekar rajdharma tak, puraani vyavasthaaon ne logon ke kartavyon par zor diya tha, isliye maulik kartavya samvidhaan ka hissa hain.

Duniya se vichaar

‘Har disha se achhe vichaar mere paas aayein’, is Vaidik prarthana ki bhaavna mein nirmaataaon ne France, USA, UK, Ireland, Australia aur doosre democracies ke samvidhaan padhe. Liberty, equality aur fraternity France se aaye, jiske 1789 ke Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ne ye aadarsh door door tak failaaye. Nirdeshak siddhaant Ireland se aur swatantra nyaypaalika ka vichaar USA se prerit hai.

Ek kalakriti

Samvidhaan ek kalakriti bhi hai. Calligrapher Prem Behari Narain Raizada ne iska text haath se likha, aur Nandalal Bose aur unki team ne iske panno ko Mohenjo-daro se aazaadi ke andolan tak Bharat ke itihaas ke drishyon se sajaaya: praacheen gurukul, Rama ki Lanka par vijay, Arjuna ko Gita sunaate Krishna, Odisha ki moortikala, Nataraja, Mahabalipuram ka Bhagiratha ka tap aur Ganga ka avtaran, Mughal imaaraton ke saath Akbar, aur Nalanda. Asli prati Parliament mein helium bhare kaanch ke box mein rakhi hai, kyunki helium kaagaz ya syaahi se reaction nahi karti.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Samvidhaan kaise bana, ye jaanne se pata chalta hai ki ye koi videshi rulebook nahi, balki chune hue Bharatiyon ki likhi hui hai jinhone apni ladaai aur virasat se seekha. Iski mukhya visheshtaayein maulik adhikaar, kartavya aur DPSP mein hain, aur iske moolya preamble aur uske moolya mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 10 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 10 ke notes bhi dekho.