Maulik adhikaar, kartavya aur DPSP
Short mein jawab
Maulik adhikaar, jaise kanoon ke saamne samaanta (Article 14) aur jeevan aur swatantrata ki raksha (Article 21), aise vaade hain jinke liye adaalat ja sakte hain. 1976 mein jude maulik kartavya samvidhaan ka aadar, prakriti ki raksha aur virasat ki kadar maangte hain. Nirdeshak siddhaant sarkaar ke lakshya hain, jaise nyay aur achha jeevan star, jinhe adaalat laagu nahi karaati.
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Teen ang aur teen star
Chapter pehle Grade 6 yaad dilaata hai. Sarkaar ke teen ang hain: legislature kanoon banaati hai, pradhan mantri ke netritva waali executive unhe laagu karti hai, aur judiciary dekhti hai ki kanoon samvidhaan ke anusaar hon, aur tay karti hai ki kanoon kab toota aur kya saza ho. Inhe alag rakhna, yaani separation of powers, har ang ko theek se kaam karne deta hai. Sarkaar ke teen star bhi hain, kendra, rajya aur sthaaniya (Panchayati Raj), aur kuch vishay Kendra ke liye aur kuch rajyon ke liye tay hain. Samvidhaan har ang ki bhoomika aur jawaabdehi tay karta hai aur aisi chunaav vyavastha banaata hai jisme har yogya naagrik vote de sake.
Adhikaar, kartavya aur nirdeshak siddhaant
Samvidhaan ke teen aur mukhya hisse Fig. 10.14 mein hain. Maulik adhikaaron mein samaanta ka adhikaar (Article 14, kanoon ke saamne samaanta), swatantrata ka adhikaar (Article 21, jeevan aur vyaktigat swatantrata ki raksha), shoshan ke khilaaf adhikaar aur shiksha ka adhikaar (Article 21-A) hain. Maulik kartavya har naagrik se kehte hain ki samvidhaan maane aur uske aadarshon, sansthaaon, Rashtriya Dhwaj aur Rashtragaan ka aadar kare; desh ki raksha kare aur bulaane par seva de; mili juli sanskriti ki kadar kare; prakritik paryaavaran ki raksha kare aur jeevon par daya kare; utkrishtata ki koshish kare; aur maata pita ya abhibhaavak ke roop mein chhah se chaudah saal ke bachche ko padhne ka mauka de. Nirdeshak siddhaant (DPSP) nirmaataaon ke samaajik aur aarthik sapne ka saar hain: nyay (Article 38), kalyaankaari sarkaar (Article 41), uniform civil code (Article 44), poshan aur jan swaasthya (Article 47), paryaavaran aur vanya jeevon ki raksha (Article 48-A) aur smaarakon ki raksha (Article 49). Saare maulik adhikaar aur kartavya har NCERT textbook ki shuruaat mein poore chhape hain.
Adhikaar ya nirdeshak siddhaant?
Dono alag tarah kaam karte hain. Maulik adhikaar ek vaada hai jo nibhaana hi hai: agar koi aapke saath aapki pehchaan ki wajah se anyaay kare, to aap adaalat ja sakte hain aur judge madad kar sakte hain. Nirdeshak siddhaant ek lakshya hai, jaise sabke liye achha jeevan star; agar sarkaar uski taraf kaam na kare, to koi judge se shikaayat nahi kar sakta. Nirmaataaon ne ye jaan boojhkar kiya: kuch adhikaar jo turant maange ja sakein, aur bade lakshya jo desh ke badhne ke saath kadam dar kadam poore hon.
Mahilaaon ke liye samaanta
22 November 1949 ko Begum Aizaz Rasul ne Constituent Assembly mein kaha ki Bharat ki mahilaayein purushon ke saath poori samaanta paakar khush hain. Unhone kaha ki ye samvidhaan ke liye gadha gaya naya vichaar nahi, balki Bharat ka puraana aadarsh hai, jo kuch samay samaajik haalaat ki wajah se kamzor pada, aur samvidhaan ab use pakka kar raha hai. Ve shaayad samaanta ke adhikaar ki baat kar rahi thi: Article 14 (kanoon ke saamne samaanta), aur Article 15, jo ling samet kai aadhaaron par bhedbhaav rokta hai.
Jeevit dastaavez
Nirmaata jaante the ki samay ke saath naye kanoon aur niyam chahiye honge. Har badlaav, jise sanshodhan (amendment) kehte hain, par Parliament mein poori bahas hoti hai, kuch par rajya vidhaan sabhaaon mein bhi; aksar logon ki raay li jaati hai, aur kuch badlaav jan andolanon se shuru hote hain. Part IV-A, maulik kartavya, 1976 mein aur Panchayati Raj 1992 mein 73rd Amendment se jude. Adaalatein bhi tay karti hain ki samvidhaan ko kaise padha jaaye: 2004 mein Supreme Court ne kaha ki rashtriya jhanda fehraana abhivyakti ki aazaadi ka hissa hai, isliye naagrik ise sammaan ke saath ghar par fehra sakte hain. Sarkaar draft niyamon par logon se raay bhi maangti hai, jaise Fig. 10.15 mein 2023 ka MyGov consultation. Aaj samvidhaan mein 25 parts aur 12 schedules hain, jo 1950 mein 22 parts aur 8 schedules the.
Ye kyun zaroori hai
Apne adhikaar jaanne se hum anyaay ke khilaaf khade ho sakte hain, kartavya yaad dilaate hain ki desh ke prati hamara kya farz hai, aur nirdeshak siddhaanton se hum parakh sakte hain ki sarkaarein ek nyaypoorn Bharat ki taraf kaam kar rahi hain ya nahi. Samvidhaan kaise bana, ye constitution kaise bana mein hai, aur iske moolya preamble aur uske moolya mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 10 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 10 ke notes bhi dekho.
Practice karo
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Kanoon ke saamne samaanta kaunsa Article deta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) Article 14
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Nirdeshak siddhaant Article 48-A kis baare mein hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Paryaavaran aur vanya jeevon ki raksha
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Agar sarkaar koi nirdeshak siddhaant na maane, to naagrik:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) iske liye adaalat nahi ja sakta
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Nirmaataaon ne kuch adhikaar laagu karaane laayak aur kuch sirf lakshya kyun rakhe?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Ve chahte the ki kuch adhikaar log turant maang sakein, yaani maulik adhikaar, aur kuch bade lakshya, yaani nirdeshak siddhaant, desh ki tarakki ke saath dheere dheere poore hon.
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Do maulik kartavya batao.
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Inme se koi do: samvidhaan maanna aur Rashtriya Dhwaj aur Rashtragaan ka aadar karna; desh ki raksha karna; apni mili juli sanskriti ki kadar karna; prakritik paryaavaran ki raksha karna; utkrishtata ki koshish karna; maata pita ya abhibhaavak ke roop mein 6 se 14 saal ke bachchon ko shiksha dilaana.
Students ke sawal
Maulik adhikaar aur nirdeshak siddhaant mein kya farq hai?
Maulik adhikaar aise vaade hain jo nibhaane hi hote hain: agar koi aapke saath aapki pehchaan ki wajah se anyaay kare, to aap adaalat ja sakte hain aur judge madad kar sakte hain. Nirdeshak siddhaant wo lakshya hain jinhe sarkaar ko poora karne ki koshish karni chahiye, jaise sabke liye achha jeevan star, par agar sarkaar aisa na kare to aap adaalat nahi ja sakte.
Maulik kartavyon ke kuch udaaharan kya hain?
Samvidhaan maanna aur uske aadarshon, sansthaaon, Rashtriya Dhwaj aur Rashtragaan ka aadar karna; desh ki raksha karna; mili juli sanskriti ki kadar karna; jungle, jheel, nadiyon aur vanya jeevon ki raksha karna; utkrishtata ki koshish karna; aur maata pita ya abhibhaavak ke roop mein chhah se chaudah saal ke bachchon ko padhne ka mauka dena.
Samvidhaan kaise badla jaata hai?
Sanshodhan se, jin par sweekaar hone se pehle Parliament mein poori bahas hoti hai; kuch par rajya vidhaan sabhaaon mein bhi bahas zaroori hai. Aksar logon ki raay li jaati hai, jaise online consultation se, aur kuch badlaav jan andolanon se shuru hote hain. Maulik kartavya (1976) aur Panchayati Raj (1992) isi tarah jode gaye.
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