Preamble aur uske moolya

Samvidhaan ka saar

Samvidhaan ke mukhya moolya sarkaar ki neetiyon aur faislon ke margdarshak siddhaant hain, aur naagrikon se bhi ummeed hai ki jitna ho sake inhe apnaayein. Ye moolya poore samvidhaan mein hain, par unka saar uske shuruaati vaakya, Preamble, mein likha hai. Isiliye chapter isi par khatam hota hai. Preamble mein wo din bhi likha hai jab Constituent Assembly ne samvidhaan apnaaya, 26 November 1949.

We, the people of India

Preamble ‘We, the people of India’ se shuru hota hai. Ye shabd batate hain ki samvidhaan khud logon ne, Constituent Assembly mein apne chune hue pratinidhiyon ke zariye, banaaya aur laagu kiya. Ise kisi raja ne nahi diya aur na kisi baahri shakti ne thopa, isliye iska adhikaar naagrikon se aata hai.

Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic

Sovereign ka matlab hai ki andar aur baahar ke maamlon mein aakhri faisla logon ka hai, aur koi baahri shakti tay nahi kar sakti ki Bharat kaise chale. Socialist ka matlab hai ki daulat poore samaaj se banti hai aur sabmein baanti jaani chahiye, isliye sarkaar zameen aur udyog ke maalikaana haq ko niyamit karti hai taaki aarthik aur samaajik fark kam ho. Secular ka matlab hai ki naagrikon ko koi bhi dharm maanne ki poori aazaadi hai, koi sarkaari dharm nahi, aur sarkaar sab vishvaason aur prathaaon ka baraabar aadar karti hai. Democratic ka matlab hai ki logon ke baraabar raajnaitik adhikaar hain, ve shaasak chunte aur unse jawaab maangte hain, aur sarkaar kuch buniyaadi niyamon se chalti hai. Republic ka matlab hai ki rajya pramukh chuna jaata hai, vanshaanugat shaasak nahi hota.

Nyay, swatantrata, samaanta, bandhutva

Justice (nyay) ka matlab hai ki jaati, dharm ya gender ke aadhaar par kisi naagrik se bhedbhaav nahi ho sakta, samaajik asamaanta kam karni hai, aur sarkaar ko sabke, khaas kar kam suvidha waale samoohon ke, kalyaan ke liye kaam karna hai. Liberty (swatantrata) ka matlab hai ki naagrik kya sochein, apne vichaar kaise vyakt karein aur un par kaise amal karein, is par koi anuchit rok nahi. Equality (samaanta) ka matlab hai ki kanoon ke saamne sab baraabar hain, samaajik asamaanta khatam honi hai, aur sarkaar ko sabko baraabar mauka dena hai. Fraternity (bandhutva) ka matlab hai ki hum ek parivaar ke sadasyon ki tarah rahein, aur koi kisi naagrik ko neecha na samjhe.

1976 ka sanshodhan

Preamble mein bhi ek baar sanshodhan hua hai. 1976 ke 42nd Constitutional Amendment ne Bharat ke varnan mein, jo pehle ‘sovereign democratic republic’ tha, ‘socialist’ aur ‘secular’ jode, aur ‘desh ki ekta’ ko ‘desh ki ekta aur akhandta’ (unity and integrity) kar diya. Isse dikhta hai ki samvidhaan, uska shuruaati vaakya bhi, ek jeevit dastaavez hai.

Roz ki zindagi mein moolya

Chapter students se kehta hai ki har moolya ka udaaharan apne aas paas dhoondhein. Do udaaharan book mein diye hain: secularism ke liye, kisi vyakti ko apne dharm ki reeti nibhaane ke liye State se ijaazat nahi leni padti, jab tak isse doosron ko pareshaani na ho; justice ke liye, State gender, jaati ya dharm dekhe bina sabko naukri ka baraabar mauka deta hai. Baaki udaaharan aasaani se milte hain. Bharat apne kanoon aur videsh niti khud banaata hai, ye sovereignty hai. Koi bhi naagrik President ban sakta hai, ye republic hai. Kisi niti ki aalochana mein akhbaar ko patra likhna liberty hai. Har student ke liye ek jaise niyam samaanta dikhaate hain, aur alag dharmon ke padosiyon ka saath tyohaar manaana aur mushkil mein ek doosre ki madad karna bandhutva hai.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Preamble ek chhoti kasauti hai jis par hum koi bhi kanoon, niti ya kaam parakh sakte hain: kya isme nyay, swatantrata, samaanta aur bandhutva ka aadar hai? Samvidhaan kaise likha gaya, ye constitution kaise bana mein hai, aur iske adhikaar, kartavya aur lakshya maulik adhikaar, kartavya aur DPSP mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 10 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 10 ke notes bhi dekho.