NCERT Solutions Class 7 Social Science Chapter 11: From Barter to Money (Hinglish)

Chapter 11, From Barter to Money, Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Class 7 Social Science textbook Part 1 (Reprint 2026-27) ke har sawaal ke jawaab: Big Questions, shuruaati sawaal, saaton Let’s Explore activities, chaaron Think About It box aur text ke baaki sawaal, aur nauon Questions and activities. Page number book ke hisaab se hain (pages 229–246). Chhote notes: Chapter 11 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 229)

1. Paise se pehle len den kaise hota tha? Barter se: log saamaan ya sevaayein seedhe doosre saamaan ya sevaaon se badalte the, aur kauri, namak, chai, tambaaku, kapda, maveshi aur beej jaisi cheezein istemaal karte the.

2. Paisa kyun aaya? Barter mushkil tha: use double coincidence of wants chahiye thi, value ka common maap nahi tha, aur kai cheezein baanti, le jaayi ya rakhi nahi ja sakti thi. Jab vyapaar ki kismein aur doori badhi, to len den ka aisa saajha maadhyam chahiye tha jise sab maanein.

3. Samay ke saath paisa kaise badla? Saamaan aur kauri se dhaatu ke sikkon tak, phir kaagaz ke note, phir debit aur credit card, aur ab UPI aur QR code jaise digital bhugtaan tak; har baar paisa halka, le jaane mein aasaan aur tez hua.

Shuruaati sawaal: log anaaj ya carnelian beads kaise badalte the? Barter se, yaani anaaj ko beads, kapde, auzaar ya zaroorat ki doosri cheezon se badalkar, aur kauri jaisi cheezon se jinhe bahut log maante the.

Let’s Explore (page 231)

Bail ka len den. Kisaan ko pehle aisa vyakti dhoondhna hoga jise bail chahiye. Bail ek jodi joote se kahin zyaada keemti hai, isliye use len den ki ek kadi banaani hogi, jaise bail ke badle gehun ki boriyan, phir har cheez ke badle gehun. Dikkatein: raazi saathi dhoondhna, bhaari gehun kai jagah dhona, har baar sahi maatra par mol bhaav karna, aur bacha gehun sambhaal kar agli baar phir dhona.

Think About It (pages 232–233)

Dikkaton ke prakaar: aisa saathi dhoondhna jise tumhari cheez chahiye (double coincidence of wants); sahi maatra par sahmati (value ka common maap nahi); bail ko baant na paana (divisibility); bail aur gehun dhona (portability); gehun ko bina kharab hue rakhna (durability); aur kai chakkaron mein lagne waala samay aur mehnat.

Ek hi vyakti bail ke badle joote, sweater aur dawaiyan de? Bahut mushkil hai: us vyakti ke paas teeno cheezein honi chahiye aur use usi samay bail bhi chahiye.

Double coincidence of wants ke udaaharan: kisaan ko aisa vyakti chahiye jise bail chahiye aur jiske paas gehun ho; phir aise mochi, sweater bechne waale aur dawai bechne waale jinhe gehun chahiye. Value ke common maap ki kami: ye tay karna ki ek bail kitni boriyon ke baraabar hai, aur kitna gehun ek jodi joote, ek sweater ya dawaiyon ke baraabar hai.

Think About It (page 234)

Paisa kisaan ki madad kaise karta: wo bail ek hi baar, kisi bhi zarooratmand ko, paise mein bech sakta hai; har bechne waale ko theek daam de sakta hai; daamon ki aasaani se tulna kar sakta hai; paisa bina mehnat ke le ja sakta hai; aur bacha paisa bina kharab hue rakh sakta hai.

Let’s Explore (page 236)

Hamare aas paas barter (udaaharan). Purane kapdon ke badle steel ke bartan dene waale pheriwale; bachchon ka purani textbooks doosri kitaabon se badalna; padosiyon ka apne kitchen garden ki sabziyan aapas mein badalna; aur kuch gaanvon mein fasal par naai ya badhai ko saal bhar ke kaam ke badle anaaj dena. Log aksar maante hain ki dono ko faayda hua aur cheezein dobaara kaam aayi, par sahi maatra par mol bhaav karna padta hai, aur kabhi ek paksh ko sauda baraabar nahi lagta.

Think About It (page 237)

Jeb mein ₹50 aur kitaab ₹100 ki. Tum baaki rakam kisi dost ya parivaar se udhaar le sakte ho, maata pita se baaki rakam digital tareeke se bharne ko keh sakte ho, dukaandaar se keh sakte ho ki kitaab tab tak rakh lein jab tak tum paise lekar na lauto, ya sasti second hand copy dhoondh sakte ho. Agar dukaandaar se tumhari jaan pehchaan ho aur ve tum par bharosa karein, to tum abhi ₹50 aur baaki baad mein de sakte ho; isme paisa baad ke bhugtaan ka maanak ban jaata hai.

Let’s Explore (page 238): timeline

Paise mein badlaav: paisa saamaan (barter) se kauri, phir dhaatu ke sikke, kaagaz ke note, plastic card aur aakhir mein phone par digital bhugtaan tak aaya. Ye halka aur le jaane mein aasaan hua, nakal karna mushkil hua, istemaal tez hua aur kam thos hua, aur ise jaari karne ka adhikaar raajaaon se Reserve Bank of India ke paas aaya.

Page 239: kya ye shabd jaana pehchaana lagta hai?

Rupa hamare aaj ke paise ke shabd rupaya jaisa lagta hai. Pana ke roop bhi bache hain: Tamil, Telugu aur Malayalam mein panam, aur Kannada mein hana.

Let’s Explore (page 239): Pudukkottai ke Roman sikke

Nateeje: dakshin Bharat samudr ke raaste Roman duniya se vyapaar karta tha; Roman vyapaari Bharatiya saamaan ke liye sone mein bhugtaan karte the; sone ke sikkon ki keemat unki dhaatu se thi, chahe un par kisi ka bhi chehra ho; aur kyunki sona Bharat aata tha, vyapaar Bharat ke paksh mein tha.

Let’s Explore (page 241): purane sikke ikattha karna

Group project ki yojana. Ek table banao jisme sikke ki value, dhaatu, saal, obverse aur reverse ke column hon. Dikh sakta hai ki purane sikke aksar bhaari hain, aur 1990s ki shuruaat se pehle ka ₹1 ka sikka cupro-nickel ka ho sakta hai, jabki baad waale steel ke hain; 2011 se ke sikkon par ₹ ka chinh hai; kai sikkon par Ashoka ka Sinh Stambh (Lion Capital) hai; aur kuch sikke khaas mauke yaad karte hain. Andaaze, jaise dhaatu ya size kyun badle, RBI ki website, sikkon ki catalogue, museum ya un buzurgon se jaanche ja sakte hain jinhone ye sikke istemaal kiye.

Let’s Explore (page 241): kaagaz ka paisa

Har len den mein sikke hone ki dikkatein: zameen jaisi badi kharid ke liye sikkon ki boriyan dhona; unhe rakhne ki surakshit jagah dhoondhna; ginne mein lagne waala samay; raaste mein chori ka khatra; aur itne sikke banaane ke liye chahiye bahut saari dhaatu.

Let’s Explore (page 242)

Virasat ke chitra: abhi ki series mein ₹50 ke note par Hampi ka pathar ka rath (Karnataka) aur ₹100 ke note par Patan ki baoli Rani ki Vav (Gujarat) hai. Drishtibaadhit logon ke liye features: Gandhiji ke chitra aur Ashoka Stambh ke chinh ki ubhri hui (intaglio) chhapaai; har denomination ke liye alag shape ka pehchaan chinh, jaise ₹100 ke note par ubhra hua tikon; kinaaron par tirchhi lakeerein (₹100 ke note ke har taraf chaar); aur har denomination ka alag size. RBI ka MANI app bhi phone ke camera se note pehchaan leta hai.

Questions and activities (pages 244–245)

1. Barter mein log bina paise ke saamaan ya sevaayein seedhe doosre saamaan ya sevaaon se badalte hain, jaise faltu eraser ke badle faltu pencil. Istemaal hone waali cheezon mein kauri, namak, chai, tambaaku, kapda, maveshi (gaay, bakri, ghoda, bhed) aur beej the; doosri jagahon par Rai stones (Yap), taambe ke tajadero (Aztec) aur pankhon ke coil (Solomon Islands) paisa the.

2. Double coincidence of wants ki zaroorat; value ka common maap na hona; divisibility ki dikkat (bail jaisi cheez baanti nahi ja sakti); portability (cheezein dhona mushkil); durability (gehun jaisi cheezein rakhne par kharab hoti hain); aur baad mein bhugtaan ka koi aasaan tareeka na hona.

3. Unhe karshapana ya pana kehte the aur ve sone, chaandi, taambe ya mishr dhaatu ke bane the; un par rupa naam ke chinh punch kiye jaate the; minting par raja ka niyantran tha, isliye har rajya ke apne sikke the, par shaktishaali shaasakon ke sikke door tak maane jaate the; aur unke obverse aur reverse par jaanwar, ped, pahaad, raja ya rani aur devi devtaaon ke chitra hote the, jaise Chalukya ke Varaha aur chhatra, aur Chola ka baagh.

4. Seedhe barter (lagbhag 6000 BCE) se kauri jaise commodity paise (lagbhag 1000 BCE) tak; phir dhaatu ke sikke (lagbhag 600 BCE); 18vi sadi ke aakhir mein bankon ke kaagazi note aur 1861 se official kaagazi paisa; 1980 se debit aur credit card; aur net banking, UPI (2016) aur QR code jaise digital bhugtaan. Har roop pichhle se zyaada aasaani se le jaane, rakhne aur istemaal karne laayak tha.

5. Raja har sikke mein dhaatu ka tay vajan aur shuddhta rakh sakte the; saaf nishaan laga sakte the ki sikka kisne jaari kiya, taaki vyapaari uski value par bharosa karein; sona aur chaandi istemaal kar sakte the, jinki keemat har jagah thi; apne rajya ko mazboot aur sthir rakh sakte the; vyapaar ke raaston aur bandargaahon ki raksha kar sakte the; aur videshi vyapaariyon ka swaagat karke unke sikke bhi le sakte the, jaise dakshin Bharat ke Roman sikke dikhaate hain.

6. Saal ke 60 pana ki tankhwaah roz ek adhaka (lagbhag 3 kg) anaaj ke baraabar hai, yaani saal mein 365 adhaka (lagbhag 1,095 kg). To ek pana lagbhag 6 adhaka, yaani karib 18 kg anaaj ya 24 waqt ke khaane ke baraabar tha: pana ki asli kharid shakti thi. Padosi ki madad na karne par 100 pana ka jurmaana aisi tankhwaah ke dedh saal se bhi zyaada tha, jo dikhaata hai ki padosiyon ki madad ko gambheer kartavya maana jaata tha aur rajya doosron ki parwaah ke moolya ko badhaava deta tha.

7. Ek sample skit. Gaon ka bazaar. Chaawal waale kisaan ko matka chahiye; kumhaar ko chaawal nahi, machhli chahiye; machhuaare ko kapda chahiye. Sab atke hue hain. Ek buzurg vyapaari mutthi bhar kauri dikhaate hain: “Ye chhoti hain, saalon chalti hain, inki nakal mushkil hai aur ginna aasaan hai. Apna chaawal kauri mein becho, aur kauri se matka kharido.” Kumhaar kauri lene ko raazi ho jaate hain, kyunki machhuaare bhi kauri le lenge. Jald hi sab daam kauri mein tay karne lagte hain, aur bazaar aaraam se chalne lagta hai.

8. Features mein shaamil hain: Gandhiji ke chitra aur denomination ka watermark; jhukaane par rang badalne waala security thread; tirchha dekhne par dikhne waali chhupi (latent) image; roshni mein dekhne par milne waala see-through register; bahut chhote chhape akshar (micro-lettering); numeral par rang badalne waali syaahi; ubhri hui (intaglio) chhapaai; aur number panel jinke ank chhote se bade hote jaate hain. Nakli note banaana ya chalaana apraadh hai.

9. Ek sample survey. Daadi cash pasand karti hain kyunki unhe note ginna achha lagta hai aur phone ke app mushkil lagte hain; pitaji UPI pasand karte hain kyunki ye tez hai, chhutte nahi chahiye aur record rehta hai; sabzi waale dono istemaal karte hain, zyaadatar UPI aur network na hone par cash; aur kiraana dukaan waale UPI pasand karte hain kyunki paisa seedha bank mein jaata hai. Tumhare interview alag ho sakte hain: likho kis vyakti ki kya pasand hai, aur kyun.

Chhote notes aur zyaada practice topic pages par hain: barter system kya hai, paise ke kaam aur roop aur praacheen Bharat ke sikke.