Paise ke kaam aur roop

Paisa kyun aaya

Ek kehaawat hai ki zaroorat avishkaar ki janani hai. Jab log zyaada tarah ka saamaan, aur lambi doori tak, badalne lage, to barter saath nahi de paaya, aur len den ka ek saajha maadhyam zaroori ho gaya. Isi tarah paisa aaya. Jaise jaise zyaada log saamaan aur sevaayein kharidne bechne ke liye iska istemaal karne lage, ye bhugtaan ka maana hua tareeka ban gaya.

Paise ke chaar kaam

Paisa chaar kaam karta hai. Ye len den ka maadhyam hai, jise sab maante hain, isliye kisi ko aisa vyakti nahi dhoondhna padta jise theek wahi chahiye jo uske paas hai. Ye value ka bhandaar hai: bail bechkar paisa paane waala kisaan use rakh kar baad mein kharid sakta hai, jabki gehun sad jaata. Ye value ka common maap hai, ek saajhi ikaai, kyunki daamon se cheezon aur sevaaon ki keemat ki tulna hoti hai. Aur ye baad ke bhugtaan ka maanak hai: agar kitaab ₹100 ki hai aur tumhare paas sirf ₹50 hain, to ho sakta hai dukaandaar baaki rakam baad mein le le, kyunki dono ko pata hai ki kitna baaki hai.

Paisa ghoomta rehta hai

Paisa ek haath se doosre haath jaata hai. Maata pita kharidi hui cheezon ke liye dukaandaaron ko paise dete hain; dukaandaar apne kaamgaaron ko tankhwaah dete hain; aur kaamgaar wahi paisa roz ki zaroori cheezein kharidne aur bachchon ki school fees bharne mein lagaate hain. Ek ka kharch doosre ki kamaai ban jaata hai.

Paise ka safar

Fig. 11.10 Bharat ki ek mota mota timeline deta hai: lagbhag 6000 BCE se barter, lagbhag 1000 BCE se kauri, lagbhag 600 BCE se lohe, chaandi, sone aur taambe ke sikke, 1861 mein official kaagazi paisa, 1980 se debit aur credit card, aur 2016 mein UPI. Har kadam par paisa halka, le jaane mein aasaan aur istemaal mein tez hua. Shuruaati sikke raja jaari karte the, aur Bharat ke pehle sikkon ka varnan praacheen Bharat ke sikke mein hai.

Kaagaz ka paisa

Jab sabzi se lekar zameen tak har cheez sikkon se kharidi jaane lagi, to bahut saare sikke dhona aur sambhaalna mushkil ho gaya. Kaagaz ke paise ne, jo pehle China mein chala, ye mushkil hal ki, aur ye 18vi sadi ke aakhir mein Bharat aaya; shuruaati udaaharanon mein Bank of Bengal ke ek taraf chhape (uniface) note aur Bank of Bombay ka dus rupaye ka note hain. Aaj currency jaari karne par Reserve Bank of India ka niyantran hai, aur koi aur ise kanooni taur par jaari nahi kar sakta. Chhote denominations ke liye sikke aur bade ke liye note chalte hain.

Note aise banaaye jaate hain ki unki nakal mushkil ho, jaise watermark, security thread, rang badalne waali syaahi aur doosre features ke saath, aur un par ubhre hue nishaan hote hain jo drishtibaadhit logon ko unhe pehchaanne mein madad karte hain. Unki peeth par Bharat ki virasat hai: abhi ki series mein ₹50 ke note par Hampi ka pathar ka rath aur ₹100 ke note par Patan ki baoli Rani ki Vav hai.

Digital paisa

Paise ne aise roop bhi le liye hain jinhe chhua nahi ja sakta. Krishnappa ek thele par mausami phal bechte hain, jis par QR code waala ek chhota card laga hai; customer phone se use scan karke bhugtaan karte hain, aur paisa seedha unke bank khaate mein jaata hai. Aisa digital paisa electronic roop mein hota hai. Debit card, credit card, net banking aur UPI (Unified Payments Interface) sab paise ko seedhe ek vyakti ke bank khaate se doosre ke khaate mein bhejte hain.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Paisa kya karta hai, ye jaanne se hum use samajhdaari se istemaal kar paate hain: bachat, daamon ki tulna aur samay par bhugtaan ke liye, aur cash aur digital bhugtaan mein soch samajhkar chunne ke liye. Barter, jiski jagah paise ne li, barter system kya hai mein hai. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 11 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 11 ke notes bhi dekho.