Praacheen Bharat ke sikke

Pehle sikke

Bharat mein paise ki timeline dikhaati hai ki lagbhag 600 BCE se sikke paise ke sabse shuruaati roopon mein the. Us samay raja apne rajya ke logon ke liye sikke jaari karte the, isliye har rajya ke apne sikke the, aur minting, yaani sikke banaane, par sirf raja ka niyantran tha. Samay ke saath shaktishaali shaasakon ke sikke doosre rajyon mein bhi maane jaane lage, jisse alag alag kshetron mein vyapaar aasaan hua.

Karshapana aur pana

Sikke sone, chaandi aur taambe jaisi keemti dhaatuon ke, ya unki mishr dhaatu (alloy) ke bane hote the; mishr dhaatu do ya zyaada dhaatuon ko milaakar banti hai aur sikke ko mazboot banaati hai. Unhe karshapana ya pana kehte the, aur un par rupa naam ke chinh punch kiye jaate the, jo shabd hamare rupaye jaisa lagta hai. Pana ke roop aaj bhi paise ke liye bole jaate hain: Tamil, Telugu aur Malayalam mein panam, aur Kannada mein hana. Praacheen sikke aksar chaandi aur taambe ki mishr dhaatu ke the; aaj ke sikke zyaadatar lohe ki mishr dhaatu ke hain, jisme chromium, silicon aur carbon sahi maatra mein milaaye jaate hain.

Head aur tail

Har sikke ke do pehlu hote hain: obverse, yaani head, jis par mukhya design hota hai, aur reverse, yaani tail. Praacheen Bharatiya sikkon par jaanwar, ped aur pahaad, raja ya rani, aur devi devta dikhte the. Jaise Kalyana ke Chalukyon ke sikkon par ek taraf Vishnu ke avtaar Varaha aur doosri taraf sajaaya hua teen manzila chhatra hai, jabki 850 se 1279 CE tak raaj karne waale Cholon ke chaandi ke sikke par unka baagh ka chinh hai.

Dakshin mein Roman sona

Sikke vyapaar ki kahaani bhi batate hain. Roman raajaaon ke chehre waale sone ke sikke Tamil Nadu ke Pudukkottai mein khudaai mein mile hain, aur Kerala ke kuch hisson mein bhi Roman sikke mile hain. Ye dikhaate hain ki dakshin Bharat samudr ke raaste baaki duniya se khoob vyapaar karta tha, aur kyunki itna sona andar aaya, vidwaan maante hain ki vyapaar Bharat ke paksh mein tha. Sikkon ke istemaal ne khud Bharat ke samudri vyapaar ko badhaaya.

Aane, paise aur rupaye ka chinh

Zyaada purani baat nahi, ek rupaye mein 16 aane hote the, aur 1947 mein ek aane mein ek darjan kele mil jaate the. Book mein 1942 ka aadha aana, 1918 ka chauthaai aana, 1943 ka ek aane ka sikka aur 1945 ka ek paise ka sikka dikhaaya gaya hai. 1957 mein Bharat decimal paise par aaya, jisme ek rupaye mein 100 paise hote hain. Aaj ke sikke alag denominations ke liye alag size ke hain, har ek par Hindi aur English dono hain, aur khaas sikke desh ke mahatvapoorn mauke yaad karte hain, jaise aazaadi ke 75 saal.

₹ ka chinh Bharat sarkaar ne 2010 mein apnaaya. IIT Bombay ke Udaya Kumar ka design kiya ye chinh Devanagari ‘Ra’ ko Roman ‘R’ se milaata hai, aur upar ki do lakeerein rashtriya jhande aur ‘baraabar’ ke chinh ko dikhaati hain.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Sikke chhote hote hain, par ye batate hain ki kisne raaj kiya, log kya maante the aur kisse vyapaar karte the, isliye itihaaskaar unhe dastaavez ki tarah padhte hain. Tum bhi parivaar aur padosiyon se purane sikke ikattha karke, har ek ki dhaatu, saal aur design note karke ek chhota sangrah shuru kar sakte ho. Sikke paise ki badi kahaani mein kahan fit hote hain, ye paise ke kaam aur roop mein hai, aur barter barter system kya hai mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 11 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 11 ke notes bhi dekho.