Climate kin cheezon par nirbhar hai?

Kai factors, ek climate

Hill stations May mein suhaane kyun rehte hain jab neeche ke maidaan tapte hain, aur Chennai January mein bhi garam kyun rehta hai? Climate banaane waale kuch factors poori Prithvi ke star pe kaam karte hain, aur kuch ek kshetra ya ek ghaati ke star pe. Chapter inme se paanch ko dekhta hai.

Latitude

Latitude Equator se doori naapta hai, aur uttar ya dakshin jaane pe badhta hai. Equator ke paas, kam latitude pe, Sooraj ki kirnein zameen pe lagbhag samkon pe padti hain, isliye unki saari energy ek chhote hisse pe girti hai. Dhruvon ke paas, zyaada latitude pe, kirnein tirchhi aati hain: wahi energy bade hisse pe phail jaati hai, aur atmosphere ka zyaada hissa bhi paar karti hai, jisse wo aur kamzor hoti hai. Isliye dhruvon ko Equator ke kshetra se kam garmi milti hai, aur latitude badhne ke saath climate garam se temperate aur phir thanda hota jaata hai. Bharat mein Kanniyakumari aur Nicobar dweep, Equator ke paas hone se, lagbhag saal bhar garam rehte hain, jabki uttar ka Srinagar kaafi thanda hai.

Altitude

Shimla, Darjeeling, Nainital, Tawang, Shillong, Mount Abu, Mahabaleshwar, Madikeri, Munnar aur Udhagamandalam (Ooty) jaise hill stations thande hone ki vajah se mashhoor hain. Ye neeche ke maidaanon se oonche hain, aur oonchaai badhne pe taapmaan ghatta hai. Ek kaaran ye hai ki oonchaai ke saath hawa ka pressure, aur isliye ghanatva, ghatta hai, aur patli hawa thandi hoti hai. Doosra ye ki Sooraj zameen ko garam karta hai, jo upar ki hawa ko garam karti hai, isliye sateh se bahut upar ki hawa kam garam hoti hai. Ooty aur Coimbatore lagbhag ek hi latitude pe hain, phir bhi Ooty ka garmiyon ka taapmaan lagbhag 10 se 25°C aur Coimbatore ka 25 se 38°C rehta hai.

Samudra se doori

Zameen jaldi garam aur jaldi thandi hoti hai, jabki samudra dono dheere karta hai. Isliye garmiyon mein samudra tat ki hawa ko thanda, aur sardiyon mein garam rakhta hai: samudra taapmaan ko santulit karta hai. Andar ki taraf jaane pe taapmaan zyaada ugra hote jaate hain. Mumbai aur Nagpur ka latitude milta-julta hai, par tat pe base Mumbai ki garmiyan lagbhag 32°C aur sardiyan lagbhag 18°C hain, yaani range lagbhag 14°C. Samudra se door Nagpur garmiyon mein lagbhag 44°C tak jaata hai aur sardiyon mein lagbhag 10°C tak girta hai, yaani range lagbhag 34°C.

Hawayein

Hawayein garam ya thandi hawa ke bade samooh ek jagah se doosri jagah le jaati hain. Garmiyon mein pashchim se aane waali hawayein, jo Arab se Afghanistan tak ke registaan paar karke aati hain, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan aur Madhya Pradesh mein sookhi garam hawa laakar tez lu (heat waves) laati hain. Sardiyon mein Himalaya ke paar se thandi hawayein tarai ke ilaakon mein ghuskar sheet lehar (cold waves) laati hain. Hawayein nami aur baarish bhi badalti hain: registaan ki sookhi hawa baarish nahi laati, par samudra se aane waali hawa zameen pe nami laati hai aur baarish la sakti hai, jaise monsoon hawayein.

Topography

Topography zameen ki banaawat hai: uske pahaad, pahaadiyan, ghaatiyan, dhalaan aur tat. Himalaya aur Karakoram ki shrinkhalaayein upmahadweep ko Central Asia ke thande registaanon ki hawaon se kuch had tak bachaati hain. Thar Desert lagbhag samtal hai, isliye use garam, sookhi hawaon se bachaane waala kuch nahi. Pahaad nam hawaon ko upar uthne pe majboor karke unse baarish bhi girwaate hain, jaise monsoon mein Western Ghats.

Sab milkar: climate aur microclimate

Ye saare factors milkar kisi kshetra ka climate tay karte hain, jise teen dashak ya usse zyaada ke taapmaan, varsha (baarish, barf, kohra ya dhundh) aur hawaon ke pattern se bataaya jaata hai. Ek kshetra ke andar chhote ilaake ka apna microclimate ho sakta hai. Band ghaatiyon aur kuch jangalon ka hota hai, aur urban heat islands ka bhi: bahut imaarton aur concrete aur bahut kam paudhon waale shehar, jo garmi rok lete hain aur aksar aas-paas ki zameen se kaafi garam hote hain. Microclimate sthaaniya paudhon, jaanwaron, fasalon aur logon ki sehat pe asar daalta hai.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Ye factors samjhaate hain ki Bharat mein alpine se lekar tropical tak climates kyun hain. Aage dekho zameen, samudra aur hawa milkar monsoon kaise banaate hain, aur ugra weather aapdaaon mein kaise badalta hai. Har sawaal ka jawab Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions mein hai; poore Chapter 3 ke notes bhi dekho.