NCERT Solutions Class 7 Social Science Chapter 3: Climates of India (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond Grade 7 Part 1 (Reprint 2026-27) ke Chapter 3, Climates of India, ke har sawaal ke jawab: Big Questions, har Let’s Explore aur saaton sawaal aur activities. Page numbers kitaab ke hisaab se hain (pages 45–66). Jo jawab tumhari jagah pe nirbhar hain, ve namoone ki tarah diye gaye hain, unhe apne hisaab se badlo. Chhote notes: Chapter 3 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 45)

1. Bharat ka climate itna vividh kyun hai? Bharat kai latitudes tak phaila hai, dakshin mein Equator ke paas se uttar ke thande ilaakon tak. Iski zameen samudra tal ke taton se oonche Himalaya tak uthti hai, iska lamba tat bhi hai aur samudra se door ke ilaake bhi, aur iski hawayein samudron, registaanon aur pahaadon se aati hain. Pahaad, pathaar, maidaan aur registaan jaisi iski topography in hawaon ko rokti ya modti hai. Isliye yahan alpine, temperate, subtropical, arid, tropical wet, semi-arid aur tropical climates hain.

2. Monsoon kya hain? Ye kaise bante hain? Monsoon Hind Mahasagar aur uske aas-paas ki zameen ki mausami hawayein, aur unki laayi baarish hain. Garmiyon mein zameen samudra se jaldi garam hoti hai, isliye uske upar kam pressure banta hai aur zyaada pressure waale samudra se nam hawayein aakar bhaari baarish girati hain. Sardiyon mein zameen jaldi thandi hoti hai aur hawayein ulatkar zameen se samudra ki taraf chalti hain.

3. Climate ka arthvyavastha, sanskriti aur samaaj pe kya asar hai? Kheti, paani, rozgaar, daam aur industry bhi climate pe, sabse zyaada achhe monsoon pe, nirbhar hain; monsoon fail ho to fasal ka nuksaan, paani ki kami, shehron ki taraf palaayan aur mehngaai hoti hai. Baisakhi, Onam, Bihu aur Pongal jaise tyohaar rituon aur fasal ke saath chalte hain, aur baarish ne raagon, geeton aur rasmon ko prerna di hai.

4. Climate ko samajhna aapdaaon ke liye taiyaari mein kaise madad karta hai? Agar hum jaanein ki kaunse ilaakon mein, kis ritu mein, cyclone, baadh, landslide ya jangal ki aag ka khatra hai, to hum IMD ki chetaavni pe dhyaan de sakte hain, logon ko samay pe nikaal sakte hain, surakshit nirmaan kar sakte hain, naaliyan aur jalmaarg khule rakh sakte hain, jangal aur dhalaan bachaa sakte hain, aur NDRF jaisi bachaav teams taiyaar rakh sakte hain. Climate change aur aapdaaon ka rishta samajhna samudaayon mein resilience banaata hai.

5. Climate change kya hai? Iske nateeje kya hain? Climate change taapmaan, baarish aur weather ki ghatnaon mein bada, lambe samay ka badlaav hai. Aaj ye mukhya roop se fossil fuels jalaane se ho raha hai, jo extra garmi rokne waali greenhouse gases badhaata hai. Iske nateejon mein tez global warming, weather aur taapmaan ki ugrata, chhoti aur halki sardiyan, tezi se pighalte glaciers, aur kheti, udyogon, paudhon, jaanwaron aur logon ko nuksaan shaamil hain.

Let’s Explore (page 47)

Apni pasandeeda ritu pe chhota nibandh. Ek namoona: Meri pasandeeda ritu monsoon hai. Hafton ki garmi ke baad pehli baarish hawa ko thanda kar deti hai aur sookhi mitti se saundhi khushboo aati hai. Khet hare ho jaate hain, raat mein mendhak tarr-tarr karte hain, aur chhat pe baarish ki aawaaz ke saath garam pakode khaaye jaate hain. Sardi bhi achhi lagti hai, jab dhoop naram hoti hai aur subah kohra hota hai. Har ritu apna khaana, kapde aur khel laati hai. Apni pasandeeda rituon ke baare mein kaaran ke saath likho.

Tumhare ilaake mein rituon se judi ghatnaayein. Namoone: Punjab mein January ke beech Lohri thand ke ant ka utsav hai, aag, geet aur gud-til ki mithaai ke saath, aur April mein Baisakhi gehun ki fasal ka jashn hai, bhangra ke saath; Assam mein April ka Bohag Bihu basant aur kheti ke saal ka swaagat Bihu geet aur naach se karta hai; Kerala mein Onam fasal ka utsav hai, bade bhoj, phoolon ki rangoli aur naav daud ke saath. Apne ilaake ke geet, khaane aur rivaaz ikattha karke class ke saath baanto.

Sardi se pehle rang badalne ya patte giraane waale ped. Udaaharan: Kashmir ka chinar autumn mein laal aur sunehra ho jaata hai, aur sagwan (teak) aur semal jaise ped sookhe sardi ke mahinon mein patte gira dete hain. Ve paani aur energy bachaane ke liye aisa karte hain: thande, sookhe mausam mein jadein kam paani le paati hain jabki patte paani khote rehte hain, isliye ped patte giraakar basant tak aaram karta hai. Apne aas-paas ke aise pedon ke sthaaniya naam likho.

Let’s Explore (page 51)

Lagbhag ek hi latitude pe hone ke baavjood Ooty (garmiyon mein 10–25°C) Coimbatore (25–38°C) se itna thanda kyun hai? Altitude ki vajah se. Ooty Nilgiri pahaadiyon mein oonchaai pe bana hill station hai, jabki Coimbatore neeche maidaan mein hai. Oonchaai badhne pe taapmaan ghatta hai: upar ki hawa patli hoti hai, aur Sooraj se garam hone waali zameen se door hoti hai. (Extra: Ooty Coimbatore se lagbhag 1,800 m ooncha hai.)

Let’s Explore (page 56)

Baarish, kohre, barf ya ole ke baare mein sthaaniya gyaan. Kai jagah suni jaane waali kahaawaton ki ek namoona list (ye maanyataayein hain jinhe dekhkar parakhna chahiye, pakke niyam nahi): cheentiyon ka ande oonchi jagah le jaana matlab bhaari baarish paas hai; mendhakon ka zor se bolna matlab baarish aa rahi hai; dragonfly ka neeche udna matlab kuch ghanton mein baarish; chaand ke chaaron or ghera matlab ek-do din mein baarish; garam, umas bhari basant ki dopahar mein kaale, oonche baadal ole laate hain; aur saaf, shaant, bahut thandi raat agli subah kohra ya paala laati hai. Apne ilaake ki maanyataayein jodo.

Bado ko yaad tyohaar aur naach. Ek namoona yojana: daadi-naani aur bado se Teej jaise tyohaaron ke baare mein poochho, jisme jhoole aur geet baarish ka swaagat karte hain, Baisakhi, Onam, Pongal ya Bihu jaise fasal ke tyohaar, aur monsoon der se aane pe ki jaane waali praarthnaayein ya rasmein. Geet, naach, khaane aur kahaaniyan likho, phir class mein ek cultural fest karo jahan har group ek parampara dikhaaye: fasal ka naach, baarish ka geet, ya baarish ke liye praarthna pe chhota naatak.

Think About It (page 59)

Baadal kis cheez se bane hote hain? Paani se: hawa mein tairti paani ki nanhi boondon, barf ke kanon ya dono ke mishran ke samooh. Ye tab bante hain jab nam hawa upar uthkar thandi hoti hai aur uski bhaap sanghanit hoti hai.

Let’s Explore (page 60)

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh aur Assam mein baadh kyun aati hai? Physical map dekhkar:

• Uttar Pradesh aur Bihar samtal Ganga ke maidaan pe hain, jinhe Himalaya se aane waali badi nadiyan, jaise Ganga, Ghaghara, Gandak aur Kosi, paar karti hain, jo monsoon ki baarish se uphanti hain. Samtal zameen se paani dheere nikalta hai, isliye door tak phailta hai.
• Assam Brahmaputra ki sankari ghaati mein hai, jise bahut baarish waali pahaadiyan gherti hain; Brahmaputra bahut zyaada paani aur gaad laati hai aur aasaani se uphan jaati hai.
• Kerala mein Western Ghats pe southwest monsoon ki bahut bhaari baarish hoti hai; uski chhoti, tez nadiyan neeche, sankare tatiya maidaan aur backwaters tak daudti hain.
• Andhra Pradesh mein Godavari aur Krishna ke neeche base delta hain, aur Bay of Bengal ke cyclone aksar bahut bhaari baarish laate hain.

Let’s Explore (page 62)

Fig. 3.15 ki aapdaaon ka asar.

• Landslide: sadakein aur ghar toote to log dab sakte hain ya kat sakte hain; ped aur mitti beh jaate hain; jaanwaron ka thikaana chhinta hai; sadak saaf hone tak vyaapaar aur paryatan ruk jaata hai.
• Baadh: log ghar aur saamaan kho dete hain aur gande paani se bimaar ho sakte hain; fasal doob jaati hai aur mitti beh jaati hai; maveshi aur jungli jaanwar doobte ya phans jaate hain; khet, dukaanein aur yaataayaat ruk jaate hain.
• Cyclone: tez hawa aur samudri lehrein jaan leti aur ghar todti hain; ped ukhad jaate hain; jaanwar maare jaate hain; machhli pakadna, kheti, bijli aur sanchaar ruk jaate hain.
• Jangal ki aag: dhuaan sehat bigaadta hai aur jangal ke paas ke ghar jal sakte hain; ped-paudhe nasht hote hain; vanyajeev marte ya bhaagte hain; lakdi, van-upaj aur paryatan ka nuksaan hota hai.

Har aapda mein prakritik aur insaani hissa.

• Cyclone: zyaadatar prakritik (garam samudra pe gehra kam pressure); tat ke mangrove kaatna aur kinaare ke bahut paas nirmaan jaise insaani kaam nuksaan badhaate hain.
• Baadh: prakritik bhaari baarish, uphanti nadiyan aur glacial burst; insaani kaaranon mein jalmaargon pe nirmaan, band naaliyan, concrete ki sateh aur garam hote climate mein tezi se pighalte glaciers shaamil hain.
• Landslide: khadi dhalaanon pe prakritik bhaari baarish aur bhookamp; insaani kaaranon mein jangal kaatna, laaparwaahi se nirmaan aur paani ke prakritik bahaav ko rokna shaamil hain.
• Jangal ki aag: prakritik sookha mausam, sookha (drought) aur tez hawa; insaani laaparwaahi, jaise bina dekhe chhodi aag aur kachra jalaana, aksar kaaran hoti hai.

Rokthaam ke upaay. IMD ki chetaavni maano aur jaldi nikal jaao; cyclone shelter aur mazboot ghar banao; mangrove, jangal aur dhalaanon ki vanaspati lagao aur bachao; naaliyan aur jalmaarg khule rakho aur un pe nirmaan roko; pahaadi dhalaanon pe manzoor tareekon se nirmaan karo; sookhe mausam mein jangal pe nazar rakho, fire lines saaf karo aur aag kabhi jalti mat chhodo; aur samudaayon aur NDRF jaisi bachaav teams ko prashikshan do.

Questions and activities (pages 65–66)

1. Climatic factors ko unke asar se milao.

• (1) Latitude: (b) uttar aur dakshin mein alag climate banaata hai
• (2) Altitude: (c) oonchi jagahon ko thanda rakhta hai
• (3) Samudra se nazdeeki: (d) taapmaan ko santulit karti hai
• (4) Monsoon hawayein: (a) garmiyon mein Bharat mein nam hawa laati hain

2. In sawaalon ke jawab do.

(a) Weather aur climate. Weather wo hai jo hum ghante-ghante ya din-ba-din mehsoos karte hain, jaise baarish, dhoop, hawa ya garmi, aur ye badalta rehta hai. Climate wo weather pattern hai jo koi kshetra lambe samay, teen dashak ya usse zyaada, tak jheelta hai. Weather raat bhar mein badal sakta hai; climate lambe samay tak sthir rehta hai.

(b) Samudra ke paas taapmaan halka kyun rehta hai. Paani zameen se kahin dheere garam aur thanda hota hai. Garmiyon mein samudra zameen se thanda rehkar tat ki hawa ko thanda karta hai; sardiyon mein garam rehkar use garam karta hai. Isliye samudra taapmaan ko santulit karta hai. Tat pe base Mumbai ka taapmaan lagbhag 18 se 32°C tak hi badalta hai, jabki milte-julte latitude pe door basa Nagpur lagbhag 10 se 44°C tak.

(c) Monsoon hawaon ki bhoomika. Garmiyon mein ye samudra se garam zameen ki taraf chalkar Bharat ki zyaadatar baarish laati hain, June ki shuruaat mein dakshin se mid-July tak poore desh mein. Ye baarish nadiyan aur jalaashay bharti hai, fasalon ko paani deti hai aur kheti ki lay tay karti hai. Inse pashchimi tat tropical wet aur Deccan semi-arid rehta hai; sardiyon ka ulta northeast monsoon zyaadatar sookha hai par poorvi aur dakshini Bharat ke kuch hisson mein baarish laata hai.

(d) Chennai saal bhar garam aur Leh thanda kyun. Chennai kam latitude pe hai, jahan saal bhar Sooraj ki kirnein lagbhag seedhi padti hain; ye samudra tal pe hai, aur paas ka samudra iske taapmaan ko zyaada girne nahi deta. Leh kaafi uttar mein hai, aur sabse badi baat, Ladakh ke pahaadon mein bahut oonchaai pe hai, jahan hawa patli aur thandi hai, aur ye kisi bhi samudra se door hai.

3. Paanch shehron ka climate.

• Leh pahaadon mein, Ladakh mein bahut oonchaai pe hai. Iska climate alpine aur bahut sookha hai: bahut thandi sardiyan, thandi garmiyan aur kam baarish, oonchaai, samudra se doori aur nam hawaon ko rokne waale pahaadon ki vajah se.
• Chennai samudra ke paas, poorvi tat pe kam latitude pe hai. Iska climate tropical hai: saal bhar garam aur umas bhara, samudra range ko chhota rakhta hai; ise sardiyon ke (northeast) monsoon se bhi baarish milti hai.
• Delhi uttari maidaan pe, samudra se door hai. Iska climate subtropical hai: pashchim ki sookhi hawaon ke saath bahut garam garmiyan, sheet lehar ke saath thandi sardiyan, aur garmiyon mein monsoon ki baarish.
• Panaji samudra ke paas, pashchimi tat pe hai, peeche Western Ghats ke saath. Iska climate tropical wet hai: southwest monsoon mein bhaari baarish aur saal bhar santulit taapmaan.
• Jaipur Thar Desert ke kinaare hai. Iska climate garam aur sookha, arid se semi-arid hai: bahut garam garmiyan, thandi raatein, kam baarish aur garam sookhi hawayein; andar hone se iska taapmaan range bada hai.

4. Bharat ke naqshe pe monsoon chakra. Teacher ya atlas se mile Bharat ke outline map pe:

• Garmi: Arabian Sea aur Bay of Bengal se zameen ki taraf, uttar-poorab ki disha mein teer banao, aur likho southwest monsoon, samudra se nam hawa. Dakshini sire pe June ki shuruaat aur uttar mein mid-July tak likho, aur Western Ghats ki pashchimi dhalaanon ko bhaari baarish ka ilaaka dikhaane ke liye rang do.
• Sardi: zameen se samudra ki taraf, dakshin-pashchim ki disha mein teer banao, aur likho northeast monsoon, zameen se sookhi hawa. Ek teer Bay of Bengal paar karke dakshin-poorvi tat tak pahunchta dikhao, aur likho poorvi aur dakshini Bharat ke kuch hisson mein baarish.
• Ek key jodo: har ritu mein zameen aur samudra pe H (zyaada pressure) aur L (kam pressure).

5. Kheti aur mausam se jude tyohaaron ka poster. Poster ke liye vichaar, har ek ki tasveer ya chitra ke saath:

• Baisakhi (Punjab, April): gehun ki fasal, bhangra ke saath.
• Onam (Kerala, August–September): fasal ka utsav, phoolon ki rangoli, bada bhoj aur naav daud.
• Pongal (Tamil Nadu, January): fasal, Sooraj, baarish aur maveshiyon ka dhanyavaad.
• Bihu (Assam): April ka Bohag Bihu kheti ke saal ka swaagat, January ka Magh Bihu fasal ka utsav.
• Lohri aur Makar Sankranti (January): thand ka ant aur Sooraj ka uttar ki taraf mudna, aag aur patangon ke saath.
• Chhath Puja (Bihar aur aas-paas): nadiyon aur taalaabon pe Sooraj ki pooja.

6. Baarish ki ritu se pehle kisaan ki diary. Ek namoona:

Pyaari Diary, 25 May. IMD ke mutaabik monsoon June ki shuruaat mein Kerala pahunchega, to yahan lagbhag teen hafte bache hain. Aaj khet ki mendhein theek ki aur naali saaf ki taaki neeche waale kone mein paani na ruke. Gaushala ki chhat ki marammat ki aur sookha chaara jama kiya. Kal dhaan ke beej khareedne hain, chhoti nursery taiyaar karni hai aur hal theek karna hai. Agar baarish der se aayi, to kam paani waali fasal boni hogi. Bas samay pe, lagaataar baarish ki dua hai.

7. Ek prakritik aapda pe nibandh: baadh. Baadh tab aati hai jab paani us zameen pe phail jaaye jo aam taur pe sookhi rehti hai. Kaaran: monsoon ki itni bhaari baarish jise zameen sokh na sake, nadiyon aur jheelon ka uphanna, Himalaya mein glacial burst, aur shehron mein band naaliyan, jalmaargon pe imaaratein aur paani na sokhne waala concrete. Asar: jaan, ghar aur saamaan ka nuksaan, fasal aur mitti ka behna, jaanwaron ka doobna, gande paani se bimaariyon ka phailna, aur sadakon, pulon, schoolon aur kaarobaar ka band hona, jo mahinon tak arthvyavastha ko nuksaan pahunchaata hai. Hum kya kar sakte hain: vyakti naaliyon ko plastic aur kachre se saaf rakh sakte hain, emergency kit taiyaar rakh sakte hain aur chetaavni maan sakte hain; samudaay nadi kinaare ped laga sakte hain, taalaab aur jalmaarg khule rakh sakte hain aur baadh drill kar sakte hain; aur sarkaar samay pe chetaavni de sakti hai, tatbandh aur achhi drainage bana sakti hai, baadh ke maidaanon aur jalmaargon pe nirmaan rok sakti hai, aur NDRF jaisi bachaav teams taiyaar rakh sakti hai.

Chhote notes aur aur practice topic pages pe hain: climate ke factors, monsoon kya hai aur aapdaayein aur climate change.