Class 7 Social Science Chapter 6: The Age of Reorganisation (Hinglish Notes)

Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?

Maurya samrajya ki sair se laut kar Bhavisha aur Dhruv ne apni time machine, Itihasa, se phir safar kiya aur kalaakritiyon ka aisa sangrah dekha jo ek-doosre se itna alag tha ki lagta tha kai rajyon se aaya hai. Ye andaaza sahi nikla. Ye chapter lamba samay, lagbhag 200 BCE se 300 CE tak, samjhaata hai aur teen Big Questions poochhta hai: is samay ko age of reorganisation kyun kehte hain, iske shaasakon ko kin mulyon ne raah dikhaayi, aur bahar se aaye hamlaawar Bhartiya samaaj ka hissa kaise bane.

Mauryon ke baad

Ashoka ke uttaraadhikaariyon ke baare mein bahut kam pata hai, par lagbhag 185 BCE mein aakhri Maurya samraat ko unke apne senapati Pushyamitra Shunga ne maar diya, Ashoka ke mushkil se pachaas saal baad. Samrajya kai rajyon mein toot gaya, aksar pehle ke tributary rajya, aur kamzor uttar-pashchim hamlon ke saamne khul gaya. Kuch vidwaan ise age of reorganisation kehte hain, kyunki ilaake naye rajyon mein bante gaye jo lagaataar taakat ke liye hode karte rahe. Ve shaadi ke gathbandhanon ya yuddh se zameen haasil karte, aur seemaon ke ilaakon par baar-baar ladaai hoti. Ladaaiyon ke saath kala, sthaapatya aur sahitya mein bhi zabardast badhat hui.

Shunga

Pushyamitra Shunga ne Shunga vansh shuru kiya, jisne uttar aur madhya Bharat ke hisson par raaj kiya. Apni taakat dikhaane ke liye unhone ashvamedha yajna, yaani Vaidik ghode ka anushthaan, kiya. Unka rajya Maurya samrajya se chhota tha, par unhone use hamlaawaron se bachaaya aur shuruaati ladaai ke baad Greeks se dostaana rishte rakhe; unke lagbhag ek sadi baad vansh khatam ho gaya. Vaidik anushthaan phir shuru hue, doosre vichaar bhi phalte rahe, aur Sanskrit darshan aur sahitya ki pasandeeda bhaasha bani: Patanjali ne isi daur mein Yoga Sutras sankalit kiye. Shungon ne Madhya Pradesh ke Bharhut stupa mein nakkaashidaar railings aur reliefs bhi jodi. Padho Mauryon ke baad ke rajya.

Satavahana aur Chedi

Shungon ke dakshin mein Satavahana, jinhe kabhi Andhra bhi kehte the, 2nd century BCE se Deccan ke bade hisse par raaj karte the, Amaravati aur Pratishthana (Paithan) jaisi rajdhaniyon ke saath. Krishna–Godavari ghaati ki kheti ne unhe sthirta di, aur Gujarat se Andhra Pradesh tak mile unke sikkon par jahaaz bane hain, jo samudri vyapaar ka nishaan hai, jo Roman samrajya tak pahunchta tha. Rajkumaaron ke naam aksar unki maa par rakhe jaate: Gautamiputra Satakarni Rani Gautami Balashri ke bete the. Pune ke paas Naneghat ke lekh ek aisi rani ka varnan karte hain jinhone Vaidik anushthaan kiye, aur unmein shuruaati Brahmi ank hain. Kalinga mein Chedi raja Kharavela, jo Jain shikshaaon ko maante the, ne Bhubaneswar ke paas Hathigumpha lekh mein apne kaam saal-dar-saal darj kiye aur khud ko har sampradaay ka sammaan karne waala kaha.

Dakshin ke rajya

Lagbhag 3rd century BCE se 3rd century CE tak dakshin mein teen rajya chhaaye rahe: Chola, Chera aur Pandya. Ashoka ka samrajya inse pehle hi ruk gaya tha. Is samay ke kaviyon ne Sangam sahitya racha, jo dakshin Bharat ka sabse purana sahitya hai, aur kavitaayein in shaasakon ko teen mukutdhaari raja kehti hain. Chola raja Karikala ne Kaveri par Grand Anicut banwaaya, jo aaj bhi ‘dakshin ke chaawal ke katore’ ko paani deta hai. Vanji (Karur) rajdhani waale Chera Rome aur West Asia se masaale, lakdi, haathi-daant aur moti ka vyapaar karte the, aur Madurai ke Pandya moti aur apni nausena ke liye mashhoor the. Kannagi aur uski paayal ki mahakavya Silappadikaram teenon rajyon se guzarti hai. Padho Chola, Chera aur Pandya.

Bahar se aaye shaasak

Uttar-pashchim mein Alexander ke chhode satraps Indo-Greek rajyon mein badal gaye. Ve vijeta bankar aaye par sthaaniya sanskriti ko kaafi apna liya: unke kuch sikkon par Vasudeva-Krishna ya Lakshmi hain, aur Heliodorus naam ke ek Indo-Greek doot ne Vidisha ke paas Vasudeva ki stuti mein stambh lagwaaya. Shaka, yaani Indo-Scythian, ne Indo-Greek raaj khatam kiya; Shaka Samvat calendar, jo aaj Bharat ka rashtriya calendar hai, unke samay shuru hua. Kushana madhya Asia se aaye, aur unke sabse mahaan raja Kanishka ne apne sikkon par Buddha aur Shiva dono ko jagah di. Padho Indo-Greek, Shaka aur Kushana.

Vyapaar aur kala

Kushanon ke haath Silk Route ke khaas hisse the, isliye vyapaar ne Bharat ko China, madhya Asia, Persia aur Bhoomadhya saagar ki duniya se joda. Kala ki do badi shailiyan viksit hui. Uttar-pashchim ki Gandhara kala ne Greco-Roman aur Bhartiya lakshan milaaye aur sleti-kaale schist mein bani, jismein Buddha ki kai sundar murtiyan hain. Mathura kala laal balua pathar mein bani, khaalis Bhartiya thi aur Kubera, Lakshmi aur Shiva jaise devi-devta dikhaati thi. Poore daur mein shailiyan mili aur ghuli, Bhartiya vishay haavi rahe, aur Sanskrit sahitya phala-phoola.

Aage badhne se pehle

Mauryon ke baad kai chhote-bade rajya bane, aur andar ki ladaaiyon aur bahar ke hamlon ne milkar raajnaitik taakat ko naye sire se jamaaya. Phir bhi ye sanskritiyon ke samvaad, kala, sthaapatya aur sikkon ki nayi shailiyon, badhte vyapaar, aur har vichaar ki raksha par garv karne waale shaasakon ka daur tha. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 6 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.