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Chola, Chera aur Pandya

Short mein jawab

Chola, Chera aur Pandya lagbhag 3rd century BCE se 3rd century CE tak dakshin Bharat ke teen ‘mukutdhaari raja’ the, jab Sangam kavita phali-phooli. Chola raja Karikala ne Kaveri par Grand Anicut banwaaya, Chera Rome se masaalon aur motiyon ka vyapaar karte the, aur Madurai ke Pandya moti ke liye mashhoor the.

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Dakshin ke teen rajya

Dakshin Bharat mein lagbhag 2nd ya 3rd century BCE se 3rd century CE tak teen taakatwar rajya ubhre: Chola, Chera aur Pandya. Ve aksar ek-doosre se hode karte, phir bhi milkar unhone ilaake ko vyapaar aur sanskriti mein ameer banaaya. Ashoka ka samrajya inki seemaon par ruk gaya tha; unke lekh inka zikr karte hain, isliye ye Maurya taakat ke shikhar par bhi aazaad rahe. Kalinga ke Kharavela dakshin ke rajaon ke ek gathbandhan ko haraane ka daava karte hain, par koi nahi jaanta ki vo ladaai kahan hui, aur aisa koi nishaan nahi ki unki sena dakshin mein ghusi.

Dakshin ke teen mukutdhaari raja: baagh waale Chola, dhanush waale Chera aur machhli waale Pandya
Dakshin ke teen mukutdhaari raja

Sangam yug

Is daur mein kai kavi hue, aur unki rachnaaon ne, jinhe milkar Sangam sahitya kehte hain, is yug ko apna naam diya, Sangam yug. Sangam shabd Sanskrit sangha se aaya hai, jiska matlab hai sangathan ya ikattha hona, yahan kaviyon ki sabha. Kavitaaon ke ye sangrah dakshin Bharat ka sabse purana sahitya hain. Bade hunar aur naazuki se ye prem jaisi niji bhaavnaayein aur veerta aur udaarta jaise saamaajik mulya dikhaate hain, aur itihaaskaar us samay ke samaaj ko samajhne ke liye inhe padhte hain. Sangam kavitaayein teen ‘mukutdhaari rajaon’ ki baat karti hain: Chola, Chera aur Pandya.

Chola aur Grand Anicut

Cholon ne dakshin Bharat ke hisson par bahut lambe samay tak, 3rd century BCE se 13th century CE tak, raaj kiya. Unke raja Karikala ke baare mein kaha jaata hai ki unhone Chera aur Pandya ko ek saath haraakar apni sarvochchta jamaayi. Unhone praja ke liye bhi kaam kiya. Unka sabse mashhoor kaam Kallanai ya Grand Anicut hai, Kaveri par soch-samajhkar chuni jagah, Srirangam dweep ke theek neeche, bani paani modne ki vyavastha. Ye nadi ka paani Kaveri delta ke beech aur dakshin hisse tak bhejti hai, isliye kahin zyaada zameen par kheti ho saki, aur ilaaka ‘dakshin ka chaawal ka katora’ kehlaane laga. Kai baar marammat ke baad ye aaj bhi chalti hai aur Tamil Nadu ke laakhon logon ke kheton ko paani deti hai.

Kaveri par Srirangam dweep ke neeche Grand Anicut ka chitra, jo naaliyon se delta ke kheton tak paani bhejta hai
Karikala ka Grand Anicut

Silappadikaram

Sangam sangrahon ke kuch hi baad mahakavya Silappadikaram, yaani ‘Paayal ki kahaani’, rachi gayi. Kannagi apne pati Kovalan ke saath Puhar mein khushi se rehti hain, ameer Chola bandargaah jise Kaveripattinam bhi kehte hain. Kovalan apni daulat ganwa dete hain, laut aate hain, aur Kannagi unhe maaf kar deti hain. Pandya rajdhani Madurai mein ve Kannagi ki ek paayal bechne jaate hain, chori ke jhoothe aarop mein pakde jaate hain aur raja unhe maut ki saza de dete hain. Kannagi apni doosri paayal dikhaakar unki begunaahi saabit karti hain; raja sadme se mar jaate hain, aur Madurai aag mein nasht ho jaata hai. Phir Kannagi pashchim mein Chera rajya jaati hain, jahan unhe devi ka sammaan milta hai, aur aaj bhi Tamil Nadu aur Kerala mein unki pooja hoti hai. Ye kavita nyaay aur use bachaane ke raja ke kartavya ke baare mein hai, aur paathak ko teenon rajyon aur unke vyast shehron se guzaarti hai.

Silappadikaram kadam-dar-kadam, Puhar se Madurai aur Chera rajya tak
Silappadikaram

Chera

Chera, jinhe Keralaputra (Kerala ke bete) bhi kehte the, apni rajdhani Vanji, aaj ke Karur, se Kerala aur Tamil Nadu ke pashchimi hisse par raaj karte the. Unhone Tamil sahitya ko badhaava diya aur Sangam kaviyon ka saath diya. Unka rajya masaale, lakdi, haathi-daant aur moti ke niryaat ka kendra bana, aur Roman samrajya aur West Asia se door-door tak vyapaar karta tha. Chera rajaon ne sikke chalaaye, jinmein se kuch par unka shaahi chinh, dhanush, bana hai.

Pandya

Pandya apni rajdhani Madurai se Tamil Nadu ke hisson aur aas-paas ke ilaakon par raaj karte the, aur unka raaj kai sadiyan BCE pehle tak jaata hai. Megasthenes apni Indika mein unke rajya ko samriddh aur achhe shaasan waala bataate hain, jo Greeks aur Romans jaisi door ki shaktiyon se vyapaar karta tha. Pandya moti ke liye mashhoor the, Kharavela kehte hain ki unhe unke rajya se saikdon moti mile, aur ve ek mahatvapoorn nausena shakti the. Unke lekh rajaon ki praja ki bhalaai ki chinta aur har vichaar aur aastha ke samarthan ki baat karte hain.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Dakshin ke rajya dikhaate hain ki kheti, vyapaar aur kavita kaise saath chalte the, aur nyaay aur jan-kalyan ke vichaar shaasakon ko kaise raah dikhaate the. Uttar aur Deccan ke rajya Mauryon ke baad ke rajya mein hain, aur bahar se aaye shaasak Indo-Greek, Shaka aur Kushana mein. Har sawaal ka jawaab Chapter 6 ke NCERT solutions mein hai; poore Chapter 6 ke notes bhi dekho.

Practice karo

  1. Pandyon ki rajdhani kya thi?

    1. (a) Vanji
    2. (b) Madurai
    3. (c) Uraiyur
    4. (d) Amaravati
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Madurai

  2. Kis rajya ko Keralaputra bhi kehte the?

    1. (a) Chola
    2. (b) Chera
    3. (c) Pandya
    4. (d) Chedi
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Chera

  3. Silappadikaram kis baare mein hai?

    1. (a) Rome se yuddh
    2. (b) Kannagi aur uski paayal
    3. (c) Karikala ka baandh
    4. (d) Silk Route
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Kannagi aur uski paayal

  4. Kaveri delta ko ‘dakshin ka chaawal ka katora’ kyun kehte hain?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Karikala ke Grand Anicut ne Kaveri ka paani delta ke beech aur dakshin hisse mein moda, isliye kahin zyaada zameen par kheti, khaaskar dhaan ki, ho saki.

  5. Pandyon ke liye moti vyapaar ki khaas cheez kyun the?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Moti durlabh aur keemti the par chhote aur aasaani se le jaane laayak, isliye door ke vyapaar ke liye sahi the, aur Romans jaise door ke khareedaar inhe bahut pasand karte the; Kharavela bhi kehte hain ki unhe Pandya rajya se saikdon moti mile.

Students ke sawal

Sangam sahitya kya hai?

Ye dakshin Bharat ka sabse purana sahitya hai: Tamil kavitaaon ke kai sangrah, jo kaviyon ki sabhaaon (sangam, Sanskrit sangha se) se jude hain. Kavitaayein prem jaisi niji bhaavnaayein aur veerta aur udaarta jaise saamaajik mulya dikhaati hain, aur itihaaskaar inse us samay ke samaaj ke baare mein seekhte hain, jise Sangam yug kehte hain.

Karikala kaun the?

Karikala ek Chola raja the jinke baare mein kaha jaata hai ki unhone Chera aur Pandya ki saajhi sena ko haraaya. Unhone apni praja ke liye kai kaam karaaye, jinmein sabse mashhoor Kaveri par Srirangam dweep ke theek neeche bana Kallanai ya Grand Anicut hai, jo aaj bhi sinchaai mein kaam aata hai.

Silappadikaram ki kahaani kya hai?

Kannagi aur unke pati Kovalan Chola bandargaah Puhar mein rehte hain. Daulat ganwaane ke baad Kovalan unke paas lautte hain aur dono Madurai jaate hain, jahan Kannagi ki paayal bechte samay Kovalan par chori ka jhootha aarop lagta hai aur unhe maut ki saza milti hai. Kannagi apni doosri paayal se unki begunaahi saabit karti hain; Pandya raja sadme se mar jaate hain aur Madurai jal uthta hai. Chera bhoomi mein Kannagi devi ki tarah poojit hoti hain.

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