NCERT Solutions Class 7 Social Science Chapter 6: The Age of Reorganisation (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Class 7 Social Science ki kitaab Part 1 (Reprint 2026-27) ke Chapter 6, The Age of Reorganisation, ke har sawaal ke jawaab: Big Questions, har Let’s Explore, Let’s Remember aur Think About It, sikkon aur kala ke sawaal, aur Questions and activities ke chhahon sawaal. Page numbers kitaab ke hisaab se hain (pages 117–144). Chhote notes: Chapter 6 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 117)

1. Mauryon ke baad ke daur ko ‘Age of Reorganisation’ kyun kehte hain? Lagbhag 185 BCE mein aakhri Maurya samraat ke maare jaane ke baad samrajya toot gaya. Purane ilaake, aksar pehle ke tributary rajya, kai naye rajyon mein bant gaye jo lagaataar taakat ke liye hode karte rahe, jabki uttar-pashchim se hamlaawar aaye. Bharat ka raajnaitik naksha bahut badla, aur jeevan bhi, kyunki sanskritiyan mili aur vyapaar aur kala phale-phoole.

2. Us daur ke samraaton ko kin mulyon ne raah dikhaayi? Shaasak har vichaar ki raksha par garv karte the: Kharavela ne khud ko har sampradaay ka sammaan karne waala aur har mandir ki marammat karaane waala kaha; Satavahanon ne Vaidik vidwaanon aur Jain aur Buddhist bhikshuon ko zameen di; Pandya lekh praja ki bhalaai ki baat karte hain; aur Kanishka ne apne sikkon par Buddha aur Shiva dono ko sammaan diya. Karikala ke Grand Anicut jaise jan-kalyan ke kaam aur nyaay, jo Silappadikaram ka vishay hai, bhi maayne rakhte the. Kitaab sab vishwaason ki is raksha ko ‘Indian ethos’ ka hissa kehti hai.

3. Videshi hamlaawar Bhartiya samaaj mein kaise ghul-mil gaye? Ve vijeta bankar aaye par sthaaniya sanskriti apna li. Kuch Indo-Greek sikkon par Vasudeva-Krishna aur Lakshmi hain, aur Indo-Greek doot Heliodorus ne apne stambh par Vasudeva ki stuti ki. Shaka Samvat calendar Shaka daur mein shuru hua aur aaj Bharat ka rashtriya calendar hai. Kushanon ne apne sikkon par Buddha aur Shiva rakhe aur Gandhara aur Mathura shailiyon ko badhaava diya, jahan Greek aur Bhartiya shailiyan mili par Bhartiya vishay haavi rahe.

Let’s Explore (page 118)

2nd century BCE ke pehle saal se 3rd century CE ke aakhri saal tak ki timeline. Ye 200 BCE se 300 CE tak chalti hai. Yaani 500 saal: Common Era se pehle 200 saal (200 BCE se 1 BCE) aur baad mein 300 saal (1 CE se 300 CE), kyunki saal 0 nahi hota. Ispar ye nishaan lagao: lagbhag 185 BCE mein Pushyamitra Shunga; 2nd aur 1st century BCE mein Shunga, Indo-Greek, Shaka, Satavahana aur Chedi; 1st century BCE mein Kharavela; 1st aur 2nd century CE mein Gautamiputra Satakarni, Kanishka aur Karikala; aur lagbhag 2nd century CE se Kushana.

Let’s Remember (page 119)

BCE se CE ka badlaav. BCE ke saal Common Era ki shuruaat ki taraf ghatte jaate hain (200 BCE, 100 BCE se pehle aata hai), aur CE ke saal badhte jaate hain (100 CE, 200 CE se pehle aata hai). 1 BCE ke theek baad 1 CE aata hai; saal 0 nahi hota, isliye is rekha ke aar-paar ka samay BCE aur CE ke saal jodkar nikaalte hain.

Let’s Explore (page 120)

Mauryon ke raaj waale ilaake mein kitne rajya? Maurya ke baad ke daur ke naqshe par chhe: Indo-Greek, Shaka, Kushana, Shunga, Satavahana aur Chedi. Chola, Chera aur Pandya Maurya samrajya ke bahar the. Ye chhe ek hi samay par raaj nahi karte the; naksha poore yug ko ek saath dikhaata hai.

Let’s Explore (page 124)

Bharhut panel ke daayein do log. Lagta hai ve phoonk se bajne waale vaadya baja rahe hain, ek baansuri ki tarah tircha pakda hua aur doosra singhe jaisa, isliye ve shaayad sangeetkaar the. Unhone pagdi, kundal, baajuband aur nakkaashidaar kapde pehne hain, jo hunarmand, achhe kapdon waale kalaakaaron ki taraf ishaara karta hai, shaayad kisi utsav ya julus mein. Doosri baatein: kamal ya pahiye jaisa bada gol design jiske andar matke jaisi aakriti hai, phool ke nishaan, neeche jaal jaisi kinaari aur chattaanon ki pishthbhoomi. (Panel ke kai arth ho sakte hain; class mein vichaar milaao.)

Fig. 6.6 ka collage. Kapde: aadmi dhoti, pagdi aur patke mein, auratein lipte vastron aur bhaari kamarbandh mein; ek khambhe par ek yoddha. Gehne: kundal, motiyon ki maala, baajuband, choodiyan (sone ki parat waali kaanse ki choodiyan bhi) aur baalon ke gehne. Roz ki cheezein: nakkaashidaar haathi-daant ki kanghi, ek kalash, ek pankha. Log saj-sanwar kar kapde pehente the, aur kaarigar haathi-daant, dhaatu, terracotta aur motiyon par kaam karte the.

Think About It (page 126)

Raja ke naam ki shuruaat mein maa ka naam kya dikhaata hai? Ye maaon ko diye gaye sammaan aur shaahi mahilaaon ki mahatvapoorn jagah dikhaata hai: Gautamiputra Satakarni ki maa, Gautami Balashri, ek shaktishaali rani thin jinhone daan diye aur lekh khudwaaye. Isse ek hi raja ki alag-alag raniyon se janme rajkumaaron ko alag pehchaanne mein bhi madad mili hogi.

Kaunse Brahmi ank hamaare jaise dikhte hain? 7 aur 9 kaafi had tak hamaare 7 aur 9 jaise dikhte hain, aur 6 thoda. 1 (ek lakeer) aur 2 (do lakeerein) alag dikhte hain kyunki leti hui likhi hain, haalaanki hamaara 2 do judi lakeeron se hi bana. 4 aur 10 bilkul alag dikhte hain; 10 ka apna alag chinh tha, kyunki tab tak shoonya aur sthaan-maan nahi aaye the.

Think About It (page 127)

Pathar ka yaksha banaane waala sunaar. Isse lagta hai ki hunarmand kaarigar ek hi pesh mein bandhe nahi the: sunaar pathar par bhi kaam kar sakta tha, shaayad isliye ki aakaar dene, naapne aur sajaane ka baareek hunar har saamagri par kaam aata tha. Kaarigaron ko itna maana jaata tha ki ve apne kaam par naam likhte the, aur sanrakshak sabse hunarmand haathon ko kaam dete the.

Think About It (page 129)

Chheni aur hathaudi se itne niyamit kamre kaise kaate gaye? Kaarigar dori aur naapne ki chhadon se chattaan par seedhi lakeerein khinchte, oopar se neeche ki taraf kaam karte taaki machaan na lage, saahul (plumb line) aur paani se samtal jaanchte, aur alag-alag size ki lohe ki chheniyan, hathaudi aur mungri istemaal karte, hunarmand toliyon ke saath kai saalon tak. Us zamaane ke murtikaar ke roop mein auzaar hote: lohe ki chheniyan, hathaudi, mungri, naapne ki dori ya chhad, saahul aur chikna karne ke liye ghisne waale pathar.

Naqshe par dakshin ke rajyon ke paas ke chinh. Ye shaahi chinh hain: Cholon ka baagh, Cheron ka dhanush aur Pandyon ki machhli. Jhandon, muhron aur sikkon par lage ye chinh har rajya ko ek saaf pehchaan dete the, badge ki tarah.

Think About It (page 132)

Raja Karikala ki murti. Ve ek bade, saje hue haathi par oonche baithe hain, seedhe aur aatmavishwaas se bhare, shaahi kapdon aur mukut mein, shaant aur prabhaavshaali chehre ke saath. Haathi, oonchaai, sundar kapde aur sthir mudra sab taakat, daulat aur adhikaar dikhaate hain.

Think About It (page 133)

Itihaaskaar door ke rajyon ke vyapaar ka pata kaise lagaate hain? Banne ki jagah se door mile sikkon se (dakshin Bharat mein Roman sikke, videsh mein Bhartiya sikke); bandargaahon par khudaai mein mile saamaan aur bartanon se; lekhon aur sahitya se, jaise videshi jahaazon ka varnan karti Sangam kavitaayein; yaatriyon aur vyaapaariyon ke vivran se, jaise Megasthenes ki Indika; aur doobe jahaazon aur muhron se.

Chera sikke par chinh: dhanush (teer ke saath), Cheron ka shaahi chinh.

Think About It (page 134)

Vyapaar mein moti zaroori kyun the? Moti durlabh aur sundar the, isliye keemti, phir bhi chhote aur halke, door tak le jaane aur sambhaalne mein aasaan. Rome jaise door ke bazaar unka achha daam dete, aur raja unhe shaahi khazaana maante, isliye Pandyon jaisa moti-bhara rajya ameer ho sakta tha.

Let’s Explore (page 135)

Indo-Greek sikkon par Vasudeva-Krishna ya Lakshmi kyun? Shaasak apni Bhartiya praja ka bharosa jeetna aur sthaaniya aasthaon ka sammaan dikhaana chahte the; Heliodorus jaise kuch log khud bhi in devtaaon ko poojne lage honge. Sikke har kisi ke haath se guzarte the, isliye ye sandesh pahunchaane ka achha zariya the.

Let’s Explore (page 136)

Kanishka ki murti. Unhone lamba, bhaari kot ya angarakha aur bade gaddedaar joote pehne hain aur ek bada hathiyaar pakda hai. Aise kapde madhya Asia jaise thande, sookhe mausam ke liye theek hain, jahan se Kushana aaye the, aur hathiyaar aur size ek mazboot yoddha raja dikhaate hain.

Sikkon par samraat ke alaawa kaun hai? Pehle sikke par Buddha (Greek lipi mein BOΔΔO), aur doosre par bail Nandi ke saath Shiva.

Socho (page 137)

Ek shaktishaali shaasak apne sikkon par Buddha aur Shiva kyun rakhega? Praja ke alag-alag dharmon ka sammaan dikhaane, unki wafaadaari jeetne aur khud ko sabka shaasak dikhaane ke liye; ye vishwaason ke beech sadbhaav ko maanna bhi dikhaata hai. Aaj ki prateekaatmak mudra ke udaaharan: Bharat ke sikkon aur noton par rashtriya chinh ke roop mein Sarnath ka sinh-sheersh hai, aur noton par Konark Surya mandir ka pahiya, Ellora gufaayein, Hampi, Rani ki Vav, Sanchi stupa aur Lal Qila jaisi viraasat ki jagahen hain.

Think About It (page 137)

Gandhara kahan hai? Upmahadweep ke uttar-pashchim mein, aaj ke Pakistan ke Peshawar ghaati aur Taxila ke aas-paas, poorvi Afghanistan tak. Mahabharat mein ye Gandhari ki yaad dilaata hai, Gandhara ki rajkumari jinki shaadi Dhritarashtra se hui aur jo Kauravon ki maa thin, aur unke bhai Shakuni ki.

Let’s Explore (page 140)

Fig. 6.27 ki har kalaakriti kis shaili ki hai?

• 6.27.1, Buddha ka mahaparinirvaan: Gandhara, sleti pathar, Greek jaise vastron aur chehron waale shok karte log.
• 6.27.2, Bodhisattva Maitreya: Gandhara, gehra schist, behte vastra aur jeevant shareer.
• 6.27.3, Kushana bhakton dwaara Shiva linga ki pooja: Mathura, laal balua pathar aur Bhartiya vishay.
• 6.27.4, do Nagiyon ke beech ek Naga: Mathura, laal balua pathar, Bhartiya devta, Kanishka ke 8th saal ka lekh.
• 6.27.5, Kartikeya aur Agni: Mathura, laal balua pathar aur Bhartiya devta.
• 6.27.6, khade Buddha: Gandhara, gehra sleti pathar, vastra ki gehri behti silvatein.

Questions and activities (page 143)

1. Mauryon ke baad ke yug ko reorganisation ka yug kyun kaha gaya? Lagbhag 185 BCE mein Maurya samrajya tootne par uske ilaake Shunga, Satavahana aur Chedi jaise kai naye rajyon mein bant gaye, aksar purane tributary rajya, jo yuddhon aur shaadi ke gathbandhanon se hode karte rahe. Usi samay uttar-pashchim se Indo-Greek, Shaka aur Kushana aaye, aur dakshin mein Chola, Chera aur Pandya badhe. Raajnaitik taakat baar-baar naye sire se jami, naksha badla, aur kala, sikkon aur sahitya mein sanskritiyan mili.

2. Sangam sahitya par note (lagbhag 150 shabd). Sangam sahitya dakshin Bharat ka sabse purana sahitya hai. Kai kaviyon ne ise lagbhag 3rd century BCE se 3rd century CE tak racha, aur isne us daur ko naam diya, Sangam yug. Sangam shabd Sanskrit sangha se aaya hai, yaani sangathan ya sabha, aur kaviyon ki sabhaaon ki taraf ishaara karta hai. Ye sahitya Tamil kavitaaon ke kai sangrahon se bana hai. Bade hunar aur naazuki se kavitaayein prem jaisi niji bhaavnaayein aur veerta aur udaarta jaise saamaajik mulya dikhaati hain. Ye teen ‘mukutdhaari rajaon’, Chola, Chera aur Pandya, ki baat karti hain aur vyast shehron, vyapaar aur roz ke jeevan ka varnan karti hain. Itihaaskaar us samay ke samaaj aur sanskriti ko samajhne ke liye inhe mahatvapoorn srot maante hain. Sangam sangrahon ke kuch hi baad mahakavya Silappadikaram aayi, jiska vishay nyaay aur use bachaane ka raja ka kartavya hai.

3. Kin shaasakon ne apne naam mein maa ka naam joda? Satavahana raja, jinmein is chapter ka sabse saaf udaaharan Gautamiputra Satakarni hain, yaani ‘Gautami ke bete Satakarni’, jinka naam unki maa Rani Gautami Balashri par rakha gaya. Satavahana rajkumaaron ko aksar unki maa ka naam diya jaata tha. Isse maaon ka sammaan hota, Gautami Balashri jaisi shaahi mahilaaon ki mahatvapoorn jagah aur prabhaav dikhta, aur shaayad alag raniyon se janme rajkumaaron ko pehchaanne mein madad milti.

4. Kisi ek rajya par lagbhag 250 shabd ka note (udaaharan: Satavahana). Maine Satavahanon ko chuna kyunki unhone vyapaar, aastha aur kala ko anokhe dhang se milaaya. Kabhi Andhra kahe jaane waale ye 2nd century BCE se Deccan ke bade hisse par raaj karte the, lagbhag aaj ka Andhra Pradesh, Telangana aur Maharashtra, aur unki mashhoor rajdhaniyan Amaravati aur Pratishthana (Paithan) thin. Upjaau Krishna–Godavari ghaati ki kheti ne rajya ko pakki neenv di. Vyapaar ne use ameer banaaya: Satavahana vyaapaari masaale, kapde, chandan, sone ki parat waale moti aur haathi-daant Roman samrajya tak bhejte aur kaanch aur khushboodaar malham laate. Gujarat se Andhra Pradesh tak mile unke sikkon par do mastoon waale jahaaz hain, jo samudri vyapaar aur achhi jahaaz-banaayi ka saboot hain. Naneghat ki gufaaon jaisi jagahon par li gayi chungi aamdani badhaati thi. Satavahana Vasudeva ke bhakt the, phir bhi Vaidik vidwaanon aur Jain aur Buddhist bhikshuon ko zameen dete the aur Karla ki Buddhist gufaaon mein yogdaan diya. Shaahi mahilaayein shaktishaali thin: Gautamiputra Satakarni ka naam unki maa Rani Gautami Balashri par tha, aur Naneghat ke lekh ek vidhva rani ka varnan karte hain jinhone Vaidik anushthaan kiye aur khule haath se daan diya. Un lekhon mein shuruaati Brahmi ank bhi hain, jo is saboot ka hissa hain ki hamaare ank Bharat mein shuru hue. Kamzor kendriya niyantran aur aarthik giraavat se 3rd century CE mein samrajya toot gaya. Satavahana dikhaate hain ki kheti, vyapaar aur har aastha ke sammaan se ek rajya kaise mazboot ban sakta tha. (Prastut karne ke baad gino ki class ne kaunse rajya chune.)

5. Apna rajya (namoona jawaab). Naam: Nadi Rajya, nadi aur kitaab ke shaahi chinh ke saath: nadi paani aur kheti ke liye, kitaab gyaan ke liye. Upaadhi: ‘rajaon ka raja’ ke bajaye ‘Praja ka Rakshak’. Mulya: sabke liye nyaay, har aastha ka sammaan, prakriti ki dekhbhaal aur har bachche ke liye padhaai. Niyam: har gaanv ek paani ka talaab rakhe aur ped lagaaye; bazaaron mein adhikaari sahi tol jaanchein; har mahine khuli adaalat mein koi bhi shikaayat la sake; bina saboot kisi ko saza na mile. Khaas baatein: har shehar mein pustakaalay, sab dharmon ke tyohaar saath manaana, aur kisaanon, vyaapaariyon, shikshakon aur kaarigaron ki parishad jo shaasak ko salaah de.

6. Naqshe par praacheen imaaratein. Bharat ke rekha-maanchitra (outline map) par inhe mote taur par nishaan lagao: Bharhut stupa (Madhya Pradesh, Satna ke paas); Heliodorus stambh (Vidisha ke paas, Madhya Pradesh); Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), Mathura shaili ka ghar; Naneghat gufaayein (Pune ke paas), Karla gufaayein (Lonavala ke paas), Pitalkhora gufaayein aur Nashik lekh (sab Maharashtra mein); Amaravati (Andhra Pradesh); Hathigumpha lekh ke saath Udayagiri–Khandagiri gufaayein (Bhubaneswar ke paas, Odisha); aur Grand Anicut (Kaveri par Srirangam aur Tiruchirappalli ke paas, Tamil Nadu).

Chhote notes aur practice topic pages pe hain: Mauryon ke baad ke rajya, Chola, Chera aur Pandya aur Indo-Greek, Shaka aur Kushana.