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Mauryon ke baad ke rajya

Short mein jawab

Lagbhag 185 BCE mein aakhri Maurya samraat ke maare jaane ke baad naye rajya bane. Pushyamitra ke Shungon ne uttar aur madhya Bharat ke hisson par raaj kiya aur Vaidik anushthaan phir shuru kiye. Satavahanon ne Deccan par raaj kiya aur Rome se vyapaar kiya. Kalinga mein Chedi raja Kharavela ne, Jain hote hue bhi, har vichaar ka sammaan kiya.

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Samrajya ka tootna

Ashoka ke baad aaye samraaton ke baare mein bahut kam pata hai. Lagbhag 185 BCE mein unmein se aakhri ko unke senapati Pushyamitra Shunga ne maar diya, aur Maurya samrajya Ashoka ki maut ke lagbhag aadhi sadi baad hi bikhar gaya. Poore upmahadweep mein kai rajya ubhre, aksar vahi purane tributary rajya jo kabhi Maurya prabhutva maante the. Shaasak padosi shaahi parivaaron se shaadi ke gathbandhan ya yuddh se zameen paane ki koshish karte, aur seemaon ke ilaakon par hamesha khinchtaan rehti, kyunki unhe pakadkar rakhne se rajya hamlon se surakshit rehta tha.

200 BCE se 300 CE tak ki timeline, Pushyamitra, Kharavela, Gautamiputra, Kanishka aur Karikala ke saath, aur vanshon ki pattiyan
Timeline: 200 BCE se 300 CE

Shunga

Pushyamitra ne Shunga vansh shuru kiya, jisne uttar aur madhya Bharat ke hisson par raaj kiya. Ye dikhaane ke liye ki ve shaktishaali shaasak hain, unhone ashvamedha yajna kiya: sainikon ke saath ek ghoda ilaake-ilaake ghooma, jis zameen se vo bina chunauti guzra vo unki maani gayi, aur jisne use roka use ladna pada. Unka rajya Maurya samrajya se chhota tha, par unhone use hamlaawaron se bachaaya aur Greeks ke khilaaf shuruaati abhiyaan ke baad unse dostaana rishte rakhe. Ek sadi baad vansh khatam ho gaya.

Ashvamedha yajna: sainikon ke saath chhoda gaya ghoda, bina chunauti guzri zameen, rokne par yuddh, aur raja sarvochch ghoshit
Ashvamedha yajna

Shungon ke samay Vaidik anushthaan phir shuru hue, haalaanki doosre vichaar bhi phalte rahe. Sanskrit darshan aur sahitya ki pasandeeda bhaasha bani, aur Patanjali ne isi daur mein Yoga Sutras sankalit kiye. Shungon ne kala ko bhi badhaava diya: Madhya Pradesh ke Bharhut stupa mein, jo shaayad Ashoka ke samay shuru hua tha, unhone Buddha ke jeevan ke drishyon se saji railings aur reliefs jodi, jo sabse shuruaati Buddhist kala mein gini jaati hain.

Satavahana

Shungon ke dakshin mein Satavahana, jinhe kabhi Andhra kehte the, 2nd century BCE se Deccan ke bade hisse ke maalik bane: lagbhag aaj ka Andhra Pradesh, Telangana aur Maharashtra, samay ke saath badalti rajdhaniyon ke saath, jinmein sabse mashhoor Amaravati aur Pratishthana (Paithan) thin. Krishna–Godavari nadi tantra ki kheti ne rajya ko sthir rakha, aur vyapaar ne ameer banaaya. Gujarat se Andhra Pradesh tak mile unke sikkon par do mastoon waale jahaaz hain; masaale, kapde, chandan, sone ki parat waale moti aur haathi-daant Roman samrajya tak jaate, aur kaanch aur khushboodaar malham aate. Pune ke paas Naneghat jaisi gufaayein, jo vyast vyapaar maarg par thin, chungi chaukiyon aur vyaapaariyon ke vishraam-sthal ka kaam karti thin.

Satavahana vyapaar: Roman samrajya ko niryaat, aayaat, sikkon par jahaaz, Naneghat par chungi, aur Krishna–Godavari ghaati ki kheti
Satavahana vyapaar

Satavahana rajkumaaron ke naam aksar unki maa par rakhe jaate the. Gautamiputra Satakarni ka matlab hai Gautami ke bete Satakarni; unki maa, Rani Gautami Balashri, ne Buddhist bhikshuon ko zameen di, aur Nashik ka ek mahatvapoorn lekh unke kehne par khudwaaya gaya. Naneghat ke lekh ek aur rani ka varnan karte hain, ek vidhva, jinhone Vaidik anushthaan kiye, ashvamedha bhi, aur pujaariyon, vidwaanon aur bhikshuon ko zameen, gaayein, ghode aur chaandi ke sikke daan kiye. In lekhon mein shuruaati Brahmi ank bhi hain, jinmein se kuch hamaare ankon jaise dikhte hain. Satavahana Vasudeva (Krishna) ko poojte the, phir bhi Vaidik vidwaanon aur Jain aur Buddhist bhikshuon ko zameen dete the, aur unhone Karla ki Buddhist gufaaon mein yogdaan diya. Kamzor kendriya niyantran aur aarthik giraavat se unka samrajya 3rd century CE mein toot gaya.

Chedi raja Kharavela

Mauryon ke baad Kalinga, jahan Ashoka ka mashhoor yuddh hua tha, Chedi rajaon ke neeche phir taakatwar bana. Unmein sabse mashhoor Kharavela Jain shikshaaon ko maante the aur unhe kabhi bhikshu-raja kaha jaata tha, phir bhi ve har vichaar ka sammaan karte the. Bhubaneswar ke paas ek gufa mein Brahmi lipi ka unka Hathigumpha lekh unke kaam saal-dar-saal darj karta hai: unki jeetein, praja ke liye kaam, aur sau ilaakon se aaye rishiyon aur tapasviyon ki ek sabha. Udayagiri–Khandagiri gufaaon ke chattaan kaat kar bane kamre, panel aur murtiyan kaarigaron ka hunar dikhaate hain.

Chedi raja Kharavela: Kalinga phir uthta hai, Hathigumpha lekh aur Udayagiri–Khandagiri gufaayein
Chedi raja Kharavela

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Ye rajya dikhaate hain ki ek bade samrajya ke girne ke baad Bharat kaise phir se jama, aur shaasak har dharm ki raksha par kaise garv karte the. Door dakshin ka jeevan Chola, Chera aur Pandya mein hai, aur bahar se aaye shaasak Indo-Greek, Shaka aur Kushana mein. Har sawaal ka jawaab Chapter 6 ke NCERT solutions mein hai; poore Chapter 6 ke notes bhi dekho.

Practice karo

  1. Aakhri Maurya samraat lagbhag kis saal maare gaye?

    1. (a) 321 BCE
    2. (b) 268 BCE
    3. (c) 185 BCE
    4. (d) 78 CE
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (c) 185 BCE

  2. Kis Satavahana raja ka naam unki maa par rakha gaya?

    1. (a) Kharavela
    2. (b) Gautamiputra Satakarni
    3. (c) Pushyamitra
    4. (d) Karikala
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Gautamiputra Satakarni

  3. Hathigumpha lekh kahan hai?

    1. (a) Bhubaneswar ke paas
    2. (b) Pune ke paas
    3. (c) Bharhut mein
    4. (d) Madurai mein
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (a) Bhubaneswar ke paas

  4. Satavahana Roman samrajya ko kya bhejte the?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Masaale, kapde aur chandan, aur sone ki parat waale moti aur haathi-daant jaisi keemti cheezein. Badle mein ve kaanch aur khushboodaar malham mangaate the.

  5. Kharavela ko har dharm ka sammaan karne waala raja kyun maana jaata hai?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Jain shikshaaon ko maante hue bhi unhone khud ko har sampradaay ka sammaan karne waala aur har mandir ki marammat karaane waala kaha, aur sau ilaakon se aaye rishiyon aur tapasviyon ki sabha bulaayi.

Students ke sawal

Shunga kaun the?

Mauryon ke baad Shungon ne uttar aur madhya Bharat ke hisson par raaj kiya. Unke sansthaapak Pushyamitra Shunga Mauryon ke senapati rahe the; unhone ashvamedha yajna kiya, apne rajya ko hamlaawaron se bachaaya aur baad mein Greeks se dostaana rishte rakhe. Shungon ne Vaidik anushthaan phir shuru kiye, kala aur sahitya ko badhaava diya, aur Bharhut stupa mein nakkaashidaar railings jodi.

Satavahana ameer kyun the?

Krishna–Godavari nadi tantra ki kheti ne unhe pakki neenv di, aur vyapaar ne ameer banaaya. Unke vyaapaari masaale, kapde, chandan, moti aur haathi-daant Roman samrajya tak bhejte the, sikkon par samudri jahaaz bane hain, aur Naneghat ki gufaaon jaisi jagahon par vasoole gaye vyapaar ke tax aur chungi se aamdani badhti thi.

Hathigumpha lekh kya hai?

Ye Bhubaneswar ke paas Udayagiri ki ek gufa mein Brahmi lipi ka lekh hai. Ye Kalinga ke Chedi raja Kharavela ki uplabdhiyan saal-dar-saal darj karta hai, unke sainik abhiyaan aur praja ki bhalaai ke kaam bhi, aur unhe har sampradaay ka sammaan karne waala bataata hai.

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