Indo-Greek, Shaka aur Kushana

Uttar-pashchim se hamlaawar

Jab upmahadweep ke andar naye rajya ban rahe the, bahar se aaye shaasak bhi uttar-pashchim ke raaste aaye aur uttar-pashchim, uttar aur madhya Bharat ke hisson par kabza kar liya. Iski shuruaat Alexander ke chhote abhiyaan ki virasat se hui: Sindhu ke maidaanon se lautte hue vo satraps chhod gaya, aur samay ke saath unhone apne rajya bana liye aur Indo-Greek kehlaaye. Mauryon ke kamzor hote hi uttar-pashchim, lagbhag aaj ka Pakistan aur Afghanistan, unke liye khula tha.

Vijeta jinhone sthaaniya sanskriti apnaayi

Indo-Greek vijeta bankar aaye, par ameer sthaaniya sanskriti ne unhe badal diya, aur shaasan, kala, bhaasha aur roz ke jeevan mein Greek aur Bhartiya tareeke mil gaye. Madhya Pradesh mein Vidisha ke paas Heliodorus stambh khada hai, jiska naam ek Indo-Greek raajdoot par hai, jinka lekh Vasudeva ko devon ka dev kehta hai aur teen amar siddhaant bataata hai: sanyam, daan aur jaagrookta. Indo-Greek shaasakon ke baare mein hum zyaadatar unke sone, chaandi, taambe aur nickel ke sikkon se jaante hain, jinmein aam taur par ek taraf raja aur doosri taraf Greek devta hain, haalaanki kuch par Vasudeva-Krishna aur Lakshmi jaise Bhartiya devi-devta bhi hain.

Shaka aur unka calendar

Shakon, jinhe Indo-Scythian bhi kehte hain, ne Indo-Greek raaj khatam kiya. Unhone 2nd century BCE ke aakhri hisse se 5th century CE tak uttar-pashchim ke hisson par raaj kiya, Kushanon ke aane tak. Shaka Samvat calendar isi daur mein viksit hua. Ye Gregorian calendar se 78 saal peechhe chalta hai, January se March tak 79, aur 1957 mein Bharat ne ise apna rashtriya calendar banaaya: 2026 CE zyaadatar Shaka 1948 hai.

Kushana aur Kanishka

Kushana madhya Asia se aaye aur, jaisa kitaab kehti hai, shaayad 2nd century CE mein Bharat pahunche. Apne shikhar par unka raaj madhya Asia se uttar Bharat ke bade hisson tak tha, aur unke raaj mein sanskritiyon ka khoob mel hua. Unke sabse shaktishaali raja shaayad Kanishka the. Ek mashhoor bina sir ki murti, 1.85 metre oonchi, unhe lambe kot aur bhaari jooton mein, haath mein hathiyaar liye dikhaati hai; uska Brahmi lekh unhe mahaan raja, rajaon ke raja aur devputra kehta hai. Unke ek sikke par Kanishka bhaala liye hain, aur doosri taraf Buddha hain, jinka naam Greek aksharon mein BOΔΔO likha hai; ek aur sikke par bail Nandi ke saath Shiva hain. Ek shaktishaali raja ka apne sikkon par alag-alag dharmon ko sammaan dena uske mulyon ke baare mein bahut kuch kehta hai.

Kushanon ke haath Silk Route ke mahatvapoorn hisse the, isliye vyapaar ne Bharat ko China, madhya Asia, Persia aur Bhoomadhya saagar ki duniya se joda.

Gandhara aur Mathura kala

Kushana kaal ki kala Bhartiya aur Greek shailiyon ke mel ke liye mashhoor hai. Gandhara shaili pashchimi Punjab ke ilaake mein ubhri aur usne Bhartiya lakshanon ko Greco-Roman ke saath milaaya; uske murtikaaron ne sleti-kaale schist se jeevant shareer aur behte vastron waali Buddha murtiyan banaayi. Mathura shaili, Uttar Pradesh ke Mathura ilaake se, laal balua pathar istemaal karti thi, usme Greek asar kam tha, aur usne Kubera, Lakshmi aur Shiva jaise Bhartiya devi-devtaaon, saath hi Buddha aur yakshon, ki bhari-poori, chikni murtiyan banaayi. Surya jaise devta zyaada insaan jaise dikhne lage, jisse baad ki mandir kala ki neenv padi.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

In shaasakon ki kahaani dikhaati hai ki Bharat ka ateet ek taane-baane jaisa hai jo samay ke saath milne-julne se buna gaya, kisi ek rajya ka kaam nahi. Bharat ke andar bane rajya Mauryon ke baad ke rajya aur Chola, Chera aur Pandya mein hain. Har sawaal ka jawaab Chapter 6 ke NCERT solutions mein hai; poore Chapter 6 ke notes bhi dekho.