Class 7 Social Science Chapter 7: The Gupta Era: An Age of Tireless Creativity (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
The Gupta Era lagbhag 3rd se 6th century CE tak ka samay hai, jab Gupta vansh ne Pataliputra ko rajdhani banaakar uttar mein bada samrajya banaaya. Samudragupta aur Chandragupta II jaise rajaon ne ise yuddh, gathbandhan aur zameen ke daan se badhaaya. Lambi shaanti aur vyapaar ne sahitya, vigyaan, chikitsa, dhaatu ke kaam aur kala ko aage badhaaya, isliye ise Bharat ka classical age kehte hain.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Delhi ke Mehrauli mein 1,600 saal se zyaada purana ek lohe ka stambh khada hai, jis par aaj tak jang nahi lagi. Ye Gupta raja Chandragupta II ke samay bana, aur iska lekh ‘Chandra’ naam ke raja ki tareef karta hai. Chapter Bhavisha aur Dhruv ke saath unke yug mein, lagbhag 3rd se 6th century CE tak, le jaata hai aur teen sawaal poochhta hai: Gupta kaun the aur unke samay ko ‘classical age’ kyun kehte hain, baaki upmahadweep mein kya ho raha tha, aur is daur ke kaun se mahaan log aaj bhi maayne rakhte hain.
Nayi shakti ka udaya
3rd century CE tak uttar aur uttar-pashchim ka Kushana samrajya kamzor ho raha tha, aur naye rajya ban rahe the. Gupta aaj ke Uttar Pradesh ke paas kahin kshetriya shaasakon ke roop mein shuru hue aur us daur ka sabse taakatwar samrajya ban gaye, jiski rajdhani Pataliputra (aaj ka Patna) thi. Unke aas paas beech mein Vakataka, dakshin mein Pallava aur uttar-poorv mein Kamarupa rajya the. Padho Gupta samrajya.
Mahaan Gupta raja
Chandragupta I ne apne sikkon aur gathbandhanon se neev rakhi; ek sone ke sikke par ve apni rani Kumaradevi ke saath dikhte hain. Unke bete Samudragupta ki tareef prayaga prashasti mein hai, jo Prayagraj ke ek stambh par darbaari kavi Harisena ka likha lekh hai. Lekh kehta hai ki raja dharani-bandha, yaani ‘dharti ko ek karna’, chahte the aur unhone kai yuddh lade; kai haare hue rajaon ko unke rajya waapas mile aur unhone nazraana diya, jabki kuch bina lade jhuk gaye. Unhone kala, gyaan aur vyapaar ko bhi badhaava diya, aur ek sikke par ve veena bajaate dikhte hain. Unke bete Chandragupta II, yaani Vikramaditya, Vishnu ke bhakt the. Itihaaskaar ‘II’ isliye jodte hain kyunki unke dada ka bhi yahi naam tha. Apne shikhar par samrajya aaj ke uttar aur pashchim Bharat ke bade hisse aur madhya aur poorv Bharat ke kuch hisson tak phaila tha.
Ek yaatri ki nazar se
Faxian, ek Chinese Buddhist teerthyaatri, 5th century CE ki shuruaat mein pavitra sthal dekhne, Bhartiya vidwaanon se seekhne aur Buddhist granth China le jaane aaye. Apne yaatra varnan mein ve badi aur santusht aabaadi, gharon ka panjikaran na karne waale log, raja ki zameen par kheti karke anaaj ka hissa dene waale kisaan, vetan paane waale shaahi rakshak, Gangetic plains ke amir shehar, aur daan ghar batate hain jahan gareebon, anaathon aur beemaron ko khaana, dawa aur dekhbhaal milti thi. Ve ye bhi likhte hain ki chandalon ke saath kathor vyavhaar hota tha aur unhe shehar ke bahar rakha jaata tha. Aisa varnan keemti hai, par ye ek lekhak ki samaaj ke ek hisse par nazar hai, isliye itihaaskaar ise doosre sroton se milaate hain.
Samrajya chalaana aur samriddh banaana
Gupta rajaon ne maharajadhiraja, samrat aur chakravartin jaisi badi upaadhiyan rakhi. Unhone jeet, kootneeti aur shaadi ke gathbandhanon se samrajya ko joda rakha: Chandragupta II ki beti Prabhavati Gupta ki shaadi Vakataka parivaar mein hui aur baad mein unhone us rajya ko regent ke roop mein chalaaya. Sab kuch kendra se chalaane ke bajaay unhone samrajya ko praanton mein baanta aur purohiton, sardaaron aur sthaaniya shaasakon ko zameen di, jiska hisaab copper plates par likha gaya. Land tax aamdani ka mukhya zariya tha, saath mein jurmaane aur khaanon, sinchaai, vyapaar aur shilp par tax. Vyapaar Mediterranean duniya, Southeast Asia aur China tak pahunchta tha, aur kapde, masaale, haathi daant aur ratn bahar jaate the; Arabian Sea ke Socotra dweep par mitti ke bartan aur Brahmi lekh dikhaate hain ki Bhartiya vyapaari wahan sadiyon tak rahe.
Classical age
Shaanti aur dhan ki wajah se Gupta shaasak vidwaanon aur kalakaaron ki madad kar sake, aur kuch itihaaskaar ise Bharat ka ‘classical age’ kehte hain. Aryabhata ne lagbhag 500 CE mein Kusumapura mein kaha ki Dharti apni dhuri par ghoomti hai, grahan samjhaaye aur saal ki lambaai aaj ke maan se bas kuch minute alag batayi. Ujjayini ke Varahamihira ne Brihat Samhita likhi, jisme khagol aur mausam se lekar nagar yojana aur kheti tak ke vishay hain. Kalidasa ne nikhri hui Sanskrit kavita likhi, jaise Meghadutam, yaani Cloud Messenger. Ayurveda Charaka Samhita aur Sushruta Samhita mein codify hua, aur jang se bacha Iron Pillar lohaaron ke hunar ka saboot hai. Padho classical age ki kala aur vigyaan.
Sundarta ki khoj
Gupta shaasakon ne aisa maahaul banaaya jisme kala phali phooli. Varanasi ke paas Sarnath Buddha ki moortiyon ke liye mashhoor hua; Maharashtra ki Ajanta gufaayein Gupta aur Vakataka sahayog se kaati aur rangi gayin; aur Madhya Pradesh ke Udayagiri mein chattaanon mein kaati gufaayein aur devtaaon ki baareek nakkaashi hai. Deogarh ka Dashavatara mandir aur Ahichchhatra ki terracotta nadi deviyaan Ganga aur Yamuna bhi ‘Gupta kala’ ke udaaharan hain, jisne aage ke samay ke liye ooncha maapdand banaaya.
Patan, aur aas paas ke rajya
6th century CE tak Central Asia ke Hunon ne baar baar hamle kiye, aur samrajya ke andar taakatwar kshetriya shaasak ubhre, jisse Gupta shakti ghat gayi. Isi beech Pallava Kanchipuram se, jise ‘hazaar mandiron ka shehar’ kehte hain, aaj ke Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana aur Andhra Pradesh ke hisson par raj karte the, aur Varman vansh ka Kamarupa rajya Brahmaputra ghaati par. Samudragupta ne dono ke shaasakon ko haraaya tha, par nazraane ke badle unhe gaddi par rehne diya. Padho Vakataka, Pallava aur Kamarupa.
Aage badhne se pehle
Gupta shaasakon ne yuddh, zameen ke daan aur shaadi ke gathbandhanon se samrajya ko sambhaala; unke yug mein kala, sahitya, vigyaan aur ganit mein shandaar kaam hua; aur Vakataka, Pallava aur Varman shaasakon ne Gupta zameen ke bahar bhi is daur ko sanskritik roop se samriddh banaaya. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Gupta vansh | Ek raj parivaar jo Kushana samrajya ke kamzor hone par aaj ke Uttar Pradesh ke paas ubhra aur 3rd se 6th century CE ke beech Pataliputra se bada samrajya chalaaya. |
| Prayaga prashasti | Prayagraj ke ek stambh par likha lekh, jise darbaari kavi Harisena ne likha aur jo Samudragupta ki uplabdhiyon ki tareef karta hai. |
| Dharani-bandha | ‘Dharti ko ek karna’, wo lakshya jo prayaga prashasti Samudragupta ke kai yuddhon ki wajah batati hai. |
| Vikramaditya | Chandragupta II ka doosra naam; inke shasan mein Delhi ka Iron Pillar bana aur kala aur gyaan khoob phale. |
| Tribute (nazraana) | Wo bhent aur seva jo haara hua ya kamzor raja apni gaddi bachaaye rakhne ke badle zyaada taakatwar shaasak ko deta tha. |
| Regent | Wo vyakti jo raja ke chhote hone ya na rehne par uski jagah raj chalata hai, jaise Prabhavati Gupta ne Vakataka rajya mein apne chhote beton ke liye kiya. |
| Zameen ka daan (land grant) | Raja dwara sthaaniya shaasakon, puroohiton ya sardaaron ko di gayi zameen, jo copper plates par likhi jaati thi; aisi kai plates mili hain. |
| Classical age | Kuch itihaaskaar Gupta kaal ko ye naam dete hain, kyunki lambi shaanti mein sahitya, vigyaan, chikitsa aur kala mein bade kaam hue. |
| Codified | Vyavasthit aur kramwaar tareeke se likha ya sajaaya gaya, jaise Ayurveda ko Charaka Samhita aur Sushruta Samhita mein kiya gaya. |
| Outcaste | Jise kisi samaajik samooh se bahar kar diya gaya ho; Faxian ne dekha ki chandalon ke saath aisa vyavhaar hota tha aur unhe shehar ke bahar rehna padta tha. |
| Ghatika | Shiksha ka kendra, jo Satavahanon ke samay shuru hua aur jisne Pallavon ke Kanchipuram ko gyaan ka bada kendra banaaya. |
| Maharajadhiraja | ‘Mahaan rajaon ka raja’, samrat aur chakravartin jaisi badi upaadhiyon mein se ek, jinse Gupta shaasak sarvochch shakti ka daava karte the. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Kis Gupta raja ko Vikramaditya bhi kaha jaata tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Chandragupta II
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Prayaga prashasti kisne likhi?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Harisena
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Gupta shaasakon ki aamdani ka mukhya zariya kya tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Land tax
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Arabian Sea ke kis dweep par Bhartiya vyapaariyon ke saboot mile hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Socotra
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Kis rajdhani ko ‘hazaar mandiron ka shehar’ kaha jaata tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Kanchipuram
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Saal ki lambaai 365 din, 6 ghante, 12 minute aur 30 second kisne batayi?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Aryabhata
Students ke sawal
Class 7 SST Chapter 7 ke mukhya topics kya hain?
Gupta vansh ka udaya; Chandragupta I, Samudragupta aur Chandragupta II; Faxian ka samaaj ka varnan; samrajya kaise chalta tha aur kahan tak vyapaar hota tha; Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Kalidasa aur Ayurveda waala ‘classical age’; Sarnath, Ajanta aur Udayagiri ki Gupta kala; samrajya ka patan; aur Vakataka, Pallava aur Kamarupa.
Kya The Gupta Era nayi NCERT Class 7 Social Science ki kitaab mein hai?
Haan. Ye Exploring Society: India and Beyond, yaani Class 7 Social Science ki kitaab Part 1 (Reprint 2026-27), ka Chapter 7 hai, pages 145 se 166 tak. Ye The Age of Reorganisation ke baad aata hai aur Part 1 ka itihaas ka aakhri chapter hai.
Gupta kaal ko classical age kyun kehte hain?
Lambi shaanti aur mazboot arthvyavastha ki wajah se shaasak vidwaanon, kaviyon aur kalakaaron ki madad kar sake. Kalidasa ne Sanskrit mein likha, Aryabhata aur Varahamihira ne ganit aur khagol mein naye kaam kiye, Ayurveda codify hua, jang na lagne waala Iron Pillar bana, aur Ajanta aur Sarnath ki kala ne naye maapdand banaaye.
Gupta samrajya ka patan kyun hua?
6th century CE tak baad ke Gupta shaasakon par Central Asia ki ek ladaaku jaati, Hunon, ne baar baar hamle kiye, jisse uttar Bharat par unki pakad kamzor hui. Saath hi taakatwar kshetriya shaasak ubhre aur samrajya ke andar takraav hue. Kitaab poochhti hai ki ye ant tha ya ek naya mod.
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