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Classical age ki kala aur vigyaan

Short mein jawab

Gupta kaal ko Bharat ka classical age kehte hain, kyunki lambi shaanti aur shaahi madad se bade kaam hue. Aryabhata aur Varahamihira ne ganit aur khagol ko aage badhaaya, Kalidasa ne nikhri Sanskrit kavita likhi, Ayurveda codify hua, Iron Pillar ne dhaatu ka hunar dikhaaya, aur Sarnath, Ajanta aur Udayagiri ne kala mein ooncha maapdand banaaya.

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Classical age kyun?

Gupta kaal ki lambi shaanti aur sthirta ne arthvyavastha ko mazboot kiya, isliye rajya vidwaanon, kalakaaron aur vaigyaanikon ki madad kar saka. Khaas taur par Chandragupta II apne aas paas gyaani log, kavi aur kalakaar rakhte the. Pichhle samay ka gyaan ikattha karke kai granthon mein likha gaya, Sanskrit sahitya aur Purana phale phoole, aur ganit, khagol, chikitsa aur dhaatu ke kaam mein nayi tarakki hui. Inhi wajahon se kuch itihaaskaar ise Bharat ka ‘classical age’ kehte hain.

Gupta kaal ke mahaan log: Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Kalidasa aur Ayurveda ke granth
Gupta kaal ke mahaan log

Aryabhata

Aryabhata lagbhag 500 CE mein aaj ke Patna ke paas Kusumapura mein rehte the, jo shiksha ka jaana maana kendra tha. Aryabhatiya naam ki ek chhoti rachna mein unhone hisaab lagaaya ki Surya, Chandrama aur grah kaise chalte hain, aur kaha ki Dharti apni dhuri par ghoomti hai, jisse din aur raat hote hain. Unhone Dharti ke aakaar ka achchha andaaza lagaaya aur surya aur chandra grahan sahi samjhaaye. Unki saal ki lambaai, 365 din, 6 ghante, 12 minute aur 30 second, aaj ke maan se sirf lagbhag 24 minute zyaada hai. Unke hisaab ke kuch tareeke lagbhag 1,500 saal baad aaj bhi school mein padhaaye jaate hain.

Aryabhata ka saal aaj ke maan se, sirf 23 minute 45 second ka fark, aur ghoomti Dharti, grahan aur Dharti ke aakaar par unke vichaar
Aryabhata ki saal ki lambaai

Varahamihira

Isi daur ke ganitagya aur khagolvid Varahamihira Ujjayini mein rehte the, jo gyaan ke liye mashhoor shehar tha. Unka vishwakosh, Brihat Samhita, khagol aur jyotish se lekar mausam ka anumaan, vaastu aur nagar yojana, aur kheti tak phaila hai. Ve duniya ko dhyaan se dekhte aur us par tark karte, aur saath mein paramparik gyaan ka sahaara lete, isliye unhe vigyaan ka agradoot maana jaata hai.

Kalidasa

Kalidasa ke jeevan ke baare mein kam hi pakki baatein pata hain; ek kahaani kehti hai ki ek baar logon ne unka mazaak udaaya, aur isne unhe mehnat karke apna jeevan badalne ko prerit kiya. Ve nikhri hui Sanskrit kavita ke liye mashhoor hue. Meghadutam, yaani Cloud Messenger, mein maalik dwara ghar se door bheja gaya ek yaksha ek guzarte baadal se apni priya tak sandesh le jaane ko kehta hai, aur kavita raaste ke uttar Bharat ke nazaaron aur mausam ka chitra kheenchti hai. Chapter unke Raghuvansham ki ek pankti se shuru hota hai: rajya gyaan aur buddhi se mazboot hota hai, aish aaraam se nahi.

Meghadutam: yaksha guzarte baadal ke zariye uttar Bharat ke nazaaron ke upar se apni priya ko sandesh bhejta hai
Meghadutam: baadal doot

Ayurveda

Bharat ki paramparik chikitsa paddhati Ayurveda ki jadein kai sadiyon BCE pehle tak jaati hain, par iske mukhya granth, Charaka Samhita aur Sushruta Samhita, Gupta kaal mein ikatthe karke aakhri roop mein laaye gaye. Inme beemaariyon ki soochi aur pehchaan, ilaaj, achchhi sehat mein khaane ki bhoomika, dawaaiyan banaana, aur us samay ke hisaab se aage ki surgery ke tareeke shaamil hain. Ayurveda insaan ko poore roop mein dekhta hai, man, shareer aur prakriti ko jodkar.

Ayurveda: Charaka Samhita aur Sushruta Samhita, inme kya hai, aur poore insaan ka ilaaj
Ayurveda ka aakhri roop

Dhaatu ka kaam: Iron Pillar

Delhi ka Iron Pillar, lagbhag 6 tonne ka, Chandragupta II ke samay bana, shaayad Udayagiri ke liye, aur sadiyon baad Mehrauli laaya gaya. Baarish mein chhodi cycle ek saal mein jang kha jaati hai, phir bhi ye stambh 1,600 saal se zyaada se khule aasmaan ke neeche khada hai. Vaigyaanik maante hain ki khaas loha aur hawa ki oxygen milkar iski satah par ek patli parat banaate hain jo ise bachaati hai.

Delhi ka Iron Pillar: 1,600 saal se zyaada purana, Chandragupta II ke samay ka, ek patli parat jang se bachaati hai
Delhi ka Iron Pillar

Sundarta ki khoj

Gupta shaasakon ne kalakaaron ko phalne phoolne ki jagah di, aur kala ke kai bade kendra bane. Varanasi ke paas Sarnath apni sundar Buddha moortiyon ke liye jaana jaata hai; Maharashtra ki Ajanta gufaayein Gupta aur Vakataka sahayog se kaati aur rangi gayin; aur Madhya Pradesh ke Udayagiri mein chattaan mein kaati gufaayein aur devtaaon ki baareek nakkaashi hai. Deogarh ke Dashavatara mandir mein Vishnu Sheshnag par aaraam karte dikhte hain, aur Ahichchhatra ki terracotta moortiyan Ganga aur Yamuna nadiyon ko deviyon ke roop mein dikhaati hain, jinhe unke vaahan se pehchaana jaata hai.

Gupta kala ke kendra: Sarnath, Ajanta, Udayagiri, Deogarh, Ahichchhatra aur Sanchi ke paas ek mandir
Gupta kala ke kendra
Ganga makara par aur Yamuna kachhue par khadi hain, sir ke upar paani aur haath mein ghada
Terracotta mein Ganga aur Yamuna

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Is yug ke vichaar aur rachnaayein, ghoomti Dharti se Meghadutam aur Ajanta tak, aaj bhi Bharat ke vigyaan, sahitya aur kala ko aakaar deti hain. Jis samrajya ne inhe mumkin banaaya, wo kaise bana, ye Gupta samrajya mein hai, aur uske padosi Vakataka, Pallava aur Kamarupa mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 7 ke notes bhi dekho.

Practice karo

  1. Aryabhata kahan rehte aur kaam karte the?

    1. (a) Ujjayini
    2. (b) Kusumapura
    3. (c) Kanchipuram
    4. (d) Sarnath
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Kusumapura

  2. Kis rachna mein ek yaksha baadal ke zariye sandesh bhejta hai?

    1. (a) Raghuvansham
    2. (b) Meghadutam
    3. (c) Brihat Samhita
    4. (d) Aryabhatiya
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Meghadutam

  3. Ahichchhatra ki terracotta mein Ganga kis par khadi hain?

    1. (a) Kachhua
    2. (b) Makara
    3. (c) Sher
    4. (d) Kamal
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Makara

  4. Aryabhata ki saal ki lambaai aaj ke maan ke kitni kareeb thi?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Unka 365 din, 6 ghante, 12 minute aur 30 second aaj ke 365 din, 5 ghante, 48 minute aur 45 second se sirf 23 minute 45 second zyaada hai.

  5. Iron Pillar par jang kyun nahi lagi?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Vaigyaanik maante hain ki ise banaane mein laga khaas loha aur hawa ki oxygen milkar iski satah par ek patli parat banaate hain, jo ise jang se bachaati hai.

Students ke sawal

Aryabhata ka yogdaan kya tha?

Lagbhag 500 CE mein, aaj ke Patna ke paas Kusumapura mein, Aryabhata ne Aryabhatiya likhi. Unhone kaha ki Dharti apni dhuri par ghoomti hai, jisse din aur raat hote hain, surya aur chandra grahan sahi samjhaaye, Dharti ke aakaar ka andaaza lagaaya, grahon ki chaal ke formule diye, aur hisaab ke tareeke bataaye jo aaj bhi padhaaye jaate hain.

Kalidasa ka Meghadutam kis baare mein hai?

Meghadutam, yaani ‘The Cloud Messenger’, ek Sanskrit kavita hai jisme ek yaksha ko uske maalik ne ghar se door bhej diya hai. Wo ek guzarte baadal se apni priya tak sandesh le jaane ko kehta hai, aur kavita baadal ke safar mein uttar Bharat ke nazaaron aur mausam ka, prem ki kai bhaavnaaon ke saath, varnan karti hai.

Gupta kala ke mukhya udaaharan kya hain?

Sarnath ki Buddha moortiyan, Gupta aur Vakataka sahayog se bani Ajanta ki gufaayein aur chitra, Udayagiri ki chattaan mein kaati gufaayein aur devtaaon ki nakkaashi, Deogarh ka Dashavatara mandir, aur Ahichchhatra ki Ganga aur Yamuna ki terracotta moortiyan. ‘Gupta kala’ ne aage ke samay ke liye sundarta ka ooncha maapdand banaaya.

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