Gupta samrajya

Gupta kaise ubhre

Uttar aur uttar-pashchim mein phaila Kushana samrajya 3rd century CE tak kamzor pad raha tha, aur uski jagah naye rajya ban rahe the. Guptaon ki shuruaat ke baare mein itihaaskaaron ke kai vichaar hain, par zyaadatar maante hain ki ve aaj ke Uttar Pradesh ke paas ke ilaake mein kshetriya shaasakon ke roop mein shuru hue. Dheere dheere ve us daur ki sabse badi shakti ban gaye aur 3rd se 6th century CE ke beech Pataliputra, yaani aaj ke Patna, se raj kiya.

Rajaon ki teen peedhiyan

Chandragupta I ne samrajya ki neev rakhi. Unhe unke sikkon ke liye yaad kiya jaata hai, jinme se ek par ve apni rani Kumaradevi ke saath hain, aur un gathbandhanon ke liye jinse unki sthiti mazboot hui. Unke bete Samudragupta parivaar ke mahaan yoddha the. Samudragupta ke bete Chandragupta II ko Vikramaditya bhi kehte hain. Ve Vishnu ki pooja karte the, jinka vaahan Garuda Gupta lekhon par aksar dikhta hai, aur Delhi ka Iron Pillar ‘Chandra’ naam ke raja ke roop mein unki tareef karta hai.

Samudragupta, yoddha raja

Samudragupta ke baare mein hum zyaadatar prayaga prashasti se jaante hain, jo Prayagraj ke ek stambh par unke darbaari kavi Harisena ka racha lekh hai. Isme likha hai ki raja ki ichchha dharani-bandha, yaani ‘dharti ko ek karna’, thi. Unhone kai yuddh lade. Jin rajaon ko unhone haraaya, unme se kai ko waapas gaddi mili aur unhone nazraana diya, aur kuch unki taakat se darkar bina lade jhuk gaye. Harisena kala, gyaan aur vyapaar ko badhaava dene ke liye bhi unki tareef karte hain, aur unke ek sone ke sikke par ve baithkar veena bajaate dikhte hain. Socho, sainikon, haathiyon, ghodon aur rasoiyon ki poori sena ko itni door le jaana kitna mushkil tha: nazraana dene waale rajaon ne zaroor isme madad ki hogi.

Samrajya kahan tak phaila

Vishnu Purana Guptaon ke mukhya ilaake batata hai: Anuganga, yaani beech ka Ganga basin; Prayaga; Saketa, yaani Ayodhya; aur Magadha, lagbhag aaj ka Bihar. Par apne shikhar par samrajya isse bada tha, aaj ke uttar aur pashchim Bharat ke bade hisse se lekar madhya aur poorv Bharat tak, jisme Pataliputra, Prayaga, Kashi, Vaishali, Ujjayini aur bandargaah Tamralipti jaise shehar the.

Upaadhiyan, gathbandhan aur zameen ke daan

Gupta shaasak khud ko maharajadhiraja, samrat aur chakravartin kehte the, jo pehle ke rajaon ke saade rajan ya maharaja se kahin badi upaadhiyan thi. Kautilya ne rajaon ko saathi banaane ki salaah di thi, aur Guptaon ne jeet, kootneeti aur shaadi ke gathbandhan, teeno ka saath mein istemaal kiya. Chandragupta II ki beti Prabhavati Gupta ki shaadi ek Vakataka raajkumar se hui; pati ki jaldi maut ke baad unhone regent ke roop mein raj kiya aur dono parivaaron ko kareeb rakha. Samrajya ke andar shaasakon ne praant banaaye aur purohiton, sardaaron aur sthaaniya shaasakon ko zameen di, har daan dhyaan se copper plate par likhkar.

Tax aur vyapaar

Land tax aamdani ka mukhya zariya tha, saath mein jurmaane aur khaanon, sinchaai, vyapaar aur shilp par tax. Ye paisa prashaasan, sena, mandiron aur saarvajanik kaamon, aur vidwaanon aur kalakaaron par kharch hota tha. Zameen aur samudra ke raaste vyapaar ne samrajya ko amir rakha. Bhartiya bandargaahon se kapde, masaale, haathi daant aur ratn Mediterranean duniya, Southeast Asia aur China jaate the. Arabian Sea ke Socotra dweep par, jo Mediterranean bazaaron ke raaste ka padaav tha, mitti ke bartan, Brahmi lekh aur stupa jaise design dikhaate hain ki Bhartiya vyapaari wahan Egypt, Arabia, Rome aur Greece ke vyapaariyon ke saath sadiyon tak rahe.

Patan

6th century CE tak samrajya kamzor ho raha tha. Central Asia ki ek ladaaku jaati, Hunon, ne baar baar hamle karke uttar Bharat par Gupta pakad dheeli kar di, aur samrajya ke andar taakatwar kshetriya shaasak ubhre aur aapas mein lade. Ye bas ant tha, ya Bharat ke itihaas ka ek naya mod, ye sawaal kitaab Part 2 mein uthaati hai.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Gupta samrajya dikhata hai ki ek bada rajya sirf taakat se nahi, balki gathbandhanon, copper plates ke record aur vyapaar ki saajhi daulat se bhi juda reh sakta hai. Is shaanti se jo kaam mumkin hue, ve classical age ki kala aur vigyaan mein hain, aur Guptaon ke aas paas ke rajya Vakataka, Pallava aur Kamarupa mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 7 ke notes bhi dekho.