Legislature, executive aur judiciary

Sarkaar ke teen khambhe

Har sarkaar teen kaam karti hai: kaanoon banana, unhe laagu karna aur dekhna ki unka paalan ho. India mein har kaam ek alag ang ke paas hai, aur milkar inhe sarkaar ke teen khambhe kehte hain. Kuch deshon mein ye ang alag rakhe jaate hain; kuch mein ek doosre mein mil jaate hain. Roz ke kaamon mein hamara zyaadatar vaasta executive se, uske alag alag vibhaagon ke zariye, padta hai.

Legislature: kaanoon banane waali sanstha

Legislature desh ke liye kaanoon banati hai. Democracy mein ye logon ki pratinidhi hoti hai, aur dekhti hai ki shaasan kisi ki marzi se nahi, saaf likhe kaanoonon se chale. Parliament poore desh ke liye kaanoon banata hai, aur har state ki apni legislature hoti hai, jaise Jharkhand ki Vidhan Sabha, jo sirf us state ke liye kaanoon banati hai.

Executive: political aur permanent

Executive kaanoon laagu karti hai, neetiyan banati aur chalaati hai, aur sarkaar ka roz ka kaam sambhaalti hai. Samvidhan iske do hisson ka naam nahi leta, par ye India ke parliamentary system ke kaam karne ke tareeke se nikle hain.

Political executive chune hue netaon se banti hai: prime minister, chief ministers aur unke mantri. President aur governors bhi isme gine jaate hain, haalaanki unki bhumika zyaadatar aupchaarik hai. Ye neta bade faisle lete hain, naye kaanoon laate hain, desh ke lakshya tay karte hain aur videsh mein India ka pratinidhitva karte hain, aur ek tay muddat, aam taur pe paanch saal, tak pad pe rehte hain. (Extra: President ko chune hue pratinidhi apratyaksh roop se chunte hain, aur governors ko President niyukt karte hain.)

Permanent executive un adhikaariyon se banti hai jo chune nahi jaate balki pareeksha se select hote hain, jaise Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) ki pareekshaayein. Inhe bureaucrats ya civil servants kehte hain, aur ye elections ke baad nahi badalte. Ye salaah dete hain, neetiyan aur yojanaayein laagu karte hain, school, sadak aur hospital chalaane waale offices ke zariye naagrikon ko sarkaar se jodte hain, aur record rakhte hain. Jaani maani services hain IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS aur Indian Forest Service. Bureaucracy ek seedhi ki tarah bani hai, aur yahi dhaancha har district aur block mein dohraaya jaata hai. Zameeni star pe iske kaamgaar wo teachers, anganwadi aur health workers aur bus conductors hain jinse hum milte hain. Yahi census, elections, aapda raahat, VB-G RAM G (gaon mein rozgaar aur aajeevika ke liye 2026 ke kaanoon se bani) jaisi kalyaan yojanaayein aur COVID-19 vaccination jaise abhiyaan chalaati hai.

Ek pehal karne waali: C. B. Muthamma

C. B. Muthamma (1924–2009) 1948 mein public services ki pareeksha paas karne waali pehli mahila thin, aur 1949 mein Indian Foreign Service mein jaane waali pehli mahila. Tab mahila officers ko likhkar dena padta tha ki shaadi hone pe wo naukri chhod dengi. Unhone ek shaandaar career banaaya aur India ki pehli mahila ambassador bani. Jab unhe galat tareeke se promotion nahi diya gaya, to wo Supreme Court gayin; Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer ki bench ne bhedbhaav waale niyam radd kar diye. Unhone ye bhi likha ki India mein soch aur aastha ki azaadi hi yahan democracy ko sambhav banaati hai.

Judiciary: samvidhan ki rakshak

Judiciary dekhti hai ki har koi kaanoon maane. Ye kaanoonon ki raksha karti hai, jab kisi kaanoon ke shabd uljhe hon ya log uske matlab pe asahmat hon to uska matlab samjhaati hai, naagrikon ke adhikaar aur azaadi bachaati hai, aur judicial review se samvidhan ki raksha karti hai, yaani jab sarkaar ya koi aur kaanoon tode to referee ban jaati hai. Fundamental rights toote to log court ja sakte hain. India mein judiciary sarkaar aur netaon se swatantra hai. Ye rule of law banaaye rakhti hai: har koi, sarkaar bhi, kaanoon maane.

Milkar kaam: school ka udaaharan

Har bachche ko shiksha dene ka kaam teeno ang baant lete hain. Parliament aur state legislatures Right to Education Act jaise kaanoon banate aur budget paas karte hain. Mantri neeti tay karte hain aur Samagra Shiksha aur PM Poshan jaisi yojanaayein chalaate hain, jabki District aur Block Education Officers dekhte hain ki school niyam maanein. Bachchon ke adhikaar chheene jaayein to courts, child rights commissions ke saath, kadam uthaate hain.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Kaunsa ang kya karta hai, ye jaanne se pata chalta hai ki kahan jaana hai: naye kaanoon ke liye netaon ke paas, sevaaon ke liye adhikaariyon ke paas, aur nyaay ke liye court. Saath mein state aur government mein farq aur democracy aur republic mein farq padho. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 6 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Part 2 Chapter 6 ke notes dekho.