Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 2: India’s Long Road to Independence (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
India’s Long Road to Independence 1857 se 1947 tak azaadi ki ladaai ki kahani hai. British Crown ke raaj mein toote vaade, shoshan aur nasli bhedbhaav se naraazgi badhi. Sudhaarakon aur Congress ne shuruaat ki; 1905 ke Bengal vibhaajan ke baad rashtravaadiyon ne Swaraj, Swadeshi aur boycott failaaya; krantikariyon ne hathiyaar uthaaye; Gandhi ne ahinsak jan andolan chalaaye; aur 15 August 1947 ko Bharat azaad hua, Partition ke saath.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Saikdon bhaashaayein bolne wale, kai dharmon aur reeti-rivaajon wale log us samay ke sabse taakatwar samrajya ke khilaaf ek saath khade hue. Ye chapter 1857 se 1947 tak us sangharsh ki chhoti si kahani hai. Hazaaron log isme shaamil the; Indian Council of Historical Research ki Dictionary of Martyrs mein hi lagbhag 14,000 naam hain. Jinka naam chapter mein nahi, ve bhi utne hi zaroori the, aur senaani ek lakshya par ek hote hue bhi raaste par aksar asahmat the.
1857 ke baad British raaj
1858 mein British Crown ne East India Company se Bharat ka shaasan le liya; Queen Victoria ke naam par Viceroy raaj karta tha. Ek shahi ghoshna ne raajaon ka sammaan aur Bharatiyon se baraabari ka vaada kiya, par British Residents riyasaton mein dakhal dete rahe, bhaari lagaan se akaal pade, aur British maal ne desi udyog barbaad kar diye. Bharatiyon ko tankhwah, adaalaton aur saarvajanik jagahon mein nasli bhedbhaav jhelna pada, aur 1878 ke Arms Act aur Vernacular Press Act ne unke saath anyaay kiya.
Sudhaarak aur Congress
Sudhaarakon ne baal vivaah, jaati bhedbhaav aur shiksha ki kami ka virodh kiya: Raja Ram Mohan Roy ka Brahmo Samaj, Swami Dayananda Saraswati ka Arya Samaj, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, Syed Ahmad Khan, aur Jyotirao aur Savitribai Phule. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay ka Vande Mataram (1875) ek naara ban gaya, aur Swami Vivekananda ne Bharatiyon ko apni taakat pehchaanne ko kaha. 1885 mein Indian National Congress Bombay mein mili; shuru mein ye Crown ke prati vafaadaar thi aur sirf sudhaar maangti thi. Padho shuruaati rashtravaad aur sudhaar.
Naraazgi, vibhaajan aur Swadeshi
Virodh badhta gaya: Punjab mein Kuka andolan, Maharashtra mein Tilak ka Kesari aur utsav, Bengal mein Anushilan Samiti, aur Chota Nagpur mein Birsa Munda ka Ulgulaan. 1905 mein Viceroy Curzon ne Bengal ka vibhaajan kiya, kehne ko behtar prashaasan ke liye par asal mein Hindu aur Musalmaanon ko baantne ke liye. Virodh se Swadeshi aur boycott shuru hue: videshi kapdon ki holi, sadkon par Vande Mataram, rashtriya school. 1906 mein Congress ne Swaraj ko lakshya banaaya, aur Dhaka mein All-India Muslim League bani. Surat mein 1907 mein Congress do khemon mein bant gayi: Moderates, aur Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal aur Aurobindo Ghose jaise Nationalists.
Krantikari
Kuch yuvaaon ne hathiyaaron ka raasta chuna. Khudiram Bose ko 1908 mein 18 saal ki umar mein faansi hui; Ghadar Party ne World War I ke dauraan sena mein vidroh ki yojana banaayi; Bagha Jatin 1915 mein Balasore ki muthbhed ke baad shaheed hue; aur Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev aur Rajguru ko 1931 mein faansi di gayi. Kai krantikari Andaman ki Cellular Jail, ‘Kala Pani’, bheje gaye. Padho azaadi ki ladaai ke krantikari.
Gandhi aur jan andolan
Gandhi 1915 mein South Africa se satyagraha, yaani ahinsak virodh, lekar laute. 1919 ke Rowlatt Act aur Jallianwala Bagh hatyakaand ke baad unhone Khilafat netaaon ke saath Non-Cooperation andolan chalaaya, aur 1922 mein Chauri Chaura ke baad use rok diya. 1929 mein Congress ne Purna Swaraj maanga, aur 1930 ki namak yatra se Civil Disobedience shuru hua. 1942 mein ‘Do or Die’ ke naare ke saath Quit India andolan chala. Padho Gandhi aur jan andolan.
Alag rashtra, yuddh aur INA
Muslim League Congress se door hoti gayi. 1930 mein Muhammad Iqbal ne uttar-pashchim mein Musalmaanon ke liye alag ilaake ka prastaav rakha, aur Jinnah Pakistan ke vichaar ke samarthak bane, jabki Maulana Azad, Abdul Ghaffar Khan aur zyaadatar Congress netaaon ne Two-Nation vichaar ko thukraaya. World War II mein Bharat ko bina poochhe shaamil kiya gaya; 1943 mein Bengal mein akaal pada. Subhas Chandra Bose 1941 mein nikal gaye aur 1943 mein Singapore mein Indian National Army (INA) banaayi.
Partition aur azaadi
1946 mein vayu sena aur nausena ke vidrohon ne Britain ko dikha diya ki ab Bharatiya sainikon par bharosa nahi kiya ja sakta, aur Cabinet Mission ne satta saunpne ki yojana banaayi. August 1946 ke Direct Action Day ke baad hinsa faili. 1947 mein Cyril Radcliffe ko seemaayein kheenchne ke liye paanch hafte diye gaye, aur 15 August 1947 ko Bharat azaad hua, jabki Partition ne bhaari palaayan aur hinsa di. Sardar Patel ne 560 se zyada riyasaton ko Bharat mein joda.
Aage badhne se pehle
Bharat ki azaadi ek lambi, kathin aur saamoohik jeet thi, kai tareekon aur bade balidaan se mili. Itihaaskaar ab Britain ke jaane ke kai kaaran maante hain, jan andolanon se vidrohon aur samrajyon ke ant tak. 1947 ki khushi par Partition ka saaya tha. Har sawaal ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 2 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Viceroy | 1858 se Bharat par raaj karne wala British raja-rani ka pratinidhi, jise Governor General bhi kehte the. |
| Paramountcy | Riyasaton par British sarvochchata: raja bane rahe, par unhe British niyantran maanna padta tha. |
| Indian National Congress | 1885 mein Bombay mein bani sanstha, jo aage chalkar azaadi ki ladaai ki mukhya agua bani. |
| Swaraj | Apna raaj; iska matlab British samrajya ke andar swashasan se lekar poori azaadi tak samjha jaata tha. |
| Swadeshi | ‘Apne desh ka’: Bharatiya cheezein istemaal karke apne udyog mazboot karna aur Britain par nirbharta ghataana. |
| Boycott | Videshi saamaan, British schools, colleges aur adaalaton ka bahishkaar, virodh ke roop mein. |
| Moderates aur Nationalists | Congress ke do dal: Moderates samrajya ke andar dheere sudhaar chaahte the; Nationalists, jinhe British ‘Extremists’ kehte the, poori azaadi. |
| Sedition (rajdroh) | Sarkaar ke khilaaf vidroh bhadkaane ka aarop; Tilak ko iske liye do baar jail hui. |
| Satyagraha | Gandhi ka tareeka, ‘satya ka aagrah’: ahinsak virodh aur kasht sehna. |
| Purna Swaraj | Poori azaadi, jiski maang Congress ne December 1929 ke Lahore adhiveshan mein ki. |
| Civil disobedience | Namak kanoon jaise anyaayi kanoonon ko jaan-boojhkar, shaanti se todna. |
| Dominion status | British Crown ke neeche poora aantarik swashasan, jaisa us samay Canada aur Australia ke paas tha. |
| Two-Nation idea | Ye daava ki Hindu aur Muslim alag rashtra hain, jisse Pakistan ki maang uthi. |
| Partition (vibhaajan) | August 1947 mein Radcliffe Line ke saath British Bharat ka Bharat aur Pakistan mein batwaara. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
-
Indian National Congress kab bani?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 1885
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Bengal vibhaajan ki ghoshna kab hui?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 1905
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Vande Mataram kisne likha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
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Namak yatra kahan tak gayi?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Dandi
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‘Do or Die’ kis andolan ka naara tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Quit India
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Riyasaton ko Bharat mein kisne joda?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Students ke sawal
Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 2 mein kya-kya hai?
1858 ke baad British raaj aur badhti naraazgi; sudhaar andolan; Indian National Congress; shuruaati virodh; Bengal vibhaajan, Swadeshi aur boycott; Moderates aur Nationalists; krantikari; Home Rule; Gandhi ka satyagraha aur jan andolan; Muslim League aur alag rashtra ka vichaar; World War II aur INA; aur 1947 ki azaadi aur Partition.
Kya India’s Long Road to Independence nayi NCERT Class 8 book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Class 8 Social Science textbook Part 2 (pehla edition June 2026) ka Chapter 2 hai, Tapestry of the Past theme mein, pages 35 se 84 tak.
Is chapter ke Big Questions kya hain?
Alag-alag bhoogol, bhaashaaon aur dharmon wala desh lagbhag do sadi ke British raaj ko khatm karne ke liye kaise ek hua; mukhya ghatnaayein aur kuch zaroori log kaun the; aur pramukh senaani kin muddon par sahmat ya asahmat the.
Azaadi ke senaaniyon ne alag raaste kyon chune?
Lakshya sabka azaadi tha, par tareeke alag the. Moderates arziyon aur dheere sudhaar par bharosa karte the, Nationalists Swaraj, Swadeshi aur boycott se jan jaagran par, krantikari hathiyaaron par, Gandhi ahinsak satyagraha par, aur Subhas Chandra Bose ne videsh mein sena khadi ki. Itihaaskaar in tareekon aur bahson ko padhte hain.
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