Shuruaati rashtravaad aur sudhaar, 1858 se 1916

Crown ka raaj

1857 ke Mahavidroh ke ek saal baad British Crown ne East India Company se Bharat ka shaasan le liya. Ab London mein Secretary of State aur Bharat mein Viceroy Queen Victoria ke naam par raaj karte the. 1858 ki unki ghoshna ne lagbhag 560 raajaon ke sammaan aur Bharatiyon se baaki praja jaisa vyavahaar karne ka vaada kiya. Asal mein British Residents riyasaton mein dakhal dete rahe, missionaries ko sarkaari madad mili, bhaari lagaan se akaal pade, aur British maal ne Bharatiya udyog kuchal diye. Bharatiyon ko ek hi pad par kam tankhwah milti, juries pakshpaati hoti, aur clubs aur trains mein unhe aane nahi diya jaata. 1878 ke Arms Act ne British ko hathiyaar rakhne diye par Bharatiyon ko nahi, aur Vernacular Press Act ne Bharatiya bhaashaaon ke akhbaaron par sensorship lagaayi.

Sudhaarak aur naye vichaar

Kai sudhaarakon ne baal vivaah, vidhvaaon ki durdasha, jaati bhedbhaav aur padhaai ki kami ka saamna kiya. Raja Ram Mohan Roy ne 1828 mein Brahmo Samaj banaaya; Swami Dayananda Saraswati ke Arya Samaj (1875) ne Vedon ki or lautne, tark aur baraabari ki baat ki; Vidyasagar, Syed Ahmad Khan aur Jyotirao aur Savitribai Phule ne school khole, khaas kar ladkiyon ke liye. Do saanskritik dhaaraon ne rashtriya bhaavna ko badhaaya. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay ne 1875 mein Vande Mataram likha aur use apne upanyaas Anandamath (1882) mein shaamil kiya; 1950 mein ye Bharat ka National Song bana. 1893 ke Chicago bhaashan ke liye mashhoor Swami Vivekananda ne Bharatiyon se dar chhodkar apni jadon se taakat lene ko kaha.

Congress aur shuruaati virodh

Colonial neetiyon ke aalochak British adhikaari A.O. Hume ne Dadabhai Naoroji jaise Bharatiyon ke saath milkar 1885 mein Bombay mein Indian National Congress shuru ki, W.C. Bonnerjee pehle adhyaksh the aur 72 pratinidhi aaye. Ye Crown ke prati vafaadaari jataakar sudhaar maangti thi, jinhe zyaadatar nazarandaaz kiya gaya. Doosri jagah gussa khulkar saamne aaya: Punjab ke Kukas ne videshi saamaan ka bahishkaar kiya, Chapekar bhaaiyon ne plague se jhoojhte Poona mein vaar kiya, Tilak ne Kesari aur Ganesh aur Shivaji utsavon se logon ko jagaaya, aur Birsa Munda ne 1899–1900 ka Ulgulaan chalaaya.

1905: Bengal bata, Bharat jaaga

Viceroy Curzon ne 1905 mein Bengal ka vibhaajan kiya, behtar prashaasan ka bahaana banaakar par Hindu aur Musalmaanon ko baantne ke liye. Do baatein hui. Samudaay door hue, kyunki kai Muslim netaaon ne vibhaajan ka saath diya. Par Bengal se aage tak rashtriya jaagran bhi faila: rallies, sadkon par Vande Mataram, ekta ke liye bandhi raakhiyaan, aur Swadeshi aur boycott andolan, videshi kapdon ki holi ke saath. Tata ki Swadeshi Mills aur Punjab National Bank jaisi Bharatiya companies pehle hi aatmanirbharta ka raasta dikha rahi thi. 1911 mein vibhaajan radd hua.

Nationalists aur Moderates

1906 mein Bipin Chandra Pal ne daily Bande Mataram shuru kiya, jise jaldi hi Aurobindo Ghose ne sambhaala; isne ‘absolute national autonomy’ aur rashtriya shiksha ki baat ki, aur Aurobindo principal bankar Bengal National College khula. Usi December Calcutta mein Congress ne Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott aur National Education apnaaye, aur Dhaka mein All-India Muslim League bani. Surat mein 1907 mein Moderates peechhe hate aur Congress mein phoot pad gayi. Tilak ko 1908 mein Mandalay jail bheja gaya. Unki rihaai ke baad 1916 mein Lucknow mein dono dal phir mile, Muslim League ke saath Lucknow Pact hua, aur Tilak aur Annie Besant ne Home Rule andolan shuru kiya. Aage Gandhi aur jan andolan aur azaadi ki ladaai ke krantikari padho, ya Chapter 2 ke notes aur NCERT solutions dekho.