Azaadi ki ladaai ke krantikari

Gupt sanghathan aur jwalant akhbaar

19th century ke aakhir se English aur Bharatiya bhaashaaon ke akhbaar colonial anyaay ko ujaagar karne lage. Barindra Ghose ke dal ka Bengali akhbaar Yugantar, jo 1902 mein bani Anushilan Samiti se juda tha, khulkar vidroh ki baat karta tha. Maharashtra mein V.D. Savarkar ka Abhinav Bharat sakriya tha. Ye dal yuvaaon ko taiyaar karte the aur maante the ki British raaj sirf bal se khatm hoga.

Khudiram Bose aur Alipore mukadma

April 1908 mein Khudiram Bose aur Prafulla Chaki ne us gaadi par bomb phenke jismein unke hisaab se judge Douglas Kingsford the, jo Swadeshi kaaryakartaaon ko kathor saza dene ke liye jaane jaate the; uski jagah do British mahilaayein maari gayi. Prafulla ne khud ko goli maar li, aur sirf 18 saal ke Khudiram ko faansi hui; unki antim yatra par bheed ne phool barsaaye. Phir Aurobindo Ghose, unke bhaai Barindra aur doosre giraftaar hue. Saal bhar chale Alipore Bomb mukadme mein Chittaranjan Das ke bachaav se Aurobindo bari hue; Barindra ki maut ki saza Andaman mein umarqaid mein badli. Aur hamle hue: 1909 mein Nashik mein, 1911 mein Tirunelveli ke paas aur 1912 mein Delhi mein Viceroy Hardinge par.

Ghadar aur Bagha Jatin

North America mein Lala Hardayal aur Sohan Singh Bhakna jaise Bharatiyon ki banaayi Ghadar Party ne 1914–15 mein, World War I ke dauraan, British Indian Army mein vidroh ki yojana banaayi. Bharat mein Rash Behari Bose, Sachin Sanyal aur Kartar Singh Sarabha ne sainikon ko jodne ki koshish ki, par yojana pakdi gayi; Kartar Singh ko 19 saal mein faansi hui aur Rash Behari Bose Japan nikal gaye. Anushilan Samiti ke Bagha Jatin German hathiyaar paane ki taiyaari kar rahe the; 9 September 1915 ko Balasore ke paas ghire hone par unhone aur saathiyon ne 75 minute muthbhed ki, aur agle din ve ghaavon se shaheed hue.

Kala Pani

Kai krantikari Andaman ki Cellular Jail bheje gaye, jise ‘Kala Pani’ kehte the. Akele band rakhne ke liye bani is jail ka maksad tha kathor mehnat, jaise haath se tel nikaalna, aur kadi sazaaon se unka manobal todna. Barindra Ghose aur V.D. Savarkar ne baad mein iski bheeshanta likhi; kai qaidi wahan mar gaye. Ye jail balidaan ka prateek ban gayi.

Kakori, Bhagat Singh aur aage

1920s mein jinhe Gandhi ki ahinsa bahut dheemi lagi, unhone Hindustan Republican Association banaayi. Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan aur Azad jaise netaaon ke saath iske sadasyon ne Kakori mein train se sarkaari paisa liya; Bismil aur Ashfaqulla ko baad mein faansi hui. Naam badalkar Hindustan Socialist Republican Association bani, jiske netaa Azad aur Bhagat Singh the. Lala Lajpat Rai ki maut ka badla lene ke liye unhone 1928 mein ek British police adhikaari ko goli maari; 1929 mein Bhagat Singh ne Central Legislative Assembly mein do kam taakat ke bomb ‘behron ko sunaane’ ke liye giraaye. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev aur Rajguru ko 1931 mein 22 se 23 saal ki umar mein faansi di gayi. Mahilaayein bhi judi: 1931 mein Suniti Chowdhury, Shanti Ghosh aur Bina Das ne kadam uthaaye, aur 1940 mein Udham Singh ne London mein O’Dwyer ko goli maari.

Kahani mein unki jagah

Krantikari apne turant lakshya aksar nahi paa sake, par unke saahas ko logon ka bhaari samarthan mila aur sarkaar hil gayi. Aaj itihaaskaar unhe un kai shaktiyon mein ginte hain jinse British raaj khatm hua. Unka raasta doosron se shuruaati rashtravaad aur sudhaar aur Gandhi aur jan andolan mein milaao, ya Chapter 2 ke notes aur NCERT solutions dekho.