Gandhi aur jan andolan, 1915 se 1942

Naya tareeka: satyagraha

1869 mein Porbandar mein janme Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ne London mein kanoon padha aur South Africa mein kaam kiya, jahan unhone khud nasli bhedbhaav jhela. Wahin unhone satyagraha gadha, ‘satya ka aagrah’: passive resistance, ahinsa aur kasht sehna. 1915 mein Bharat lautkar Gokhale ki salaah par ve Congress mein shaamil hue aur sthaaniya muddon par satyagraha kiya: Champaran ke neel kisaan, Ahmedabad ke mill mazdoor aur Kheda ke kisaan. Baad mein Vallabhbhai Patel ne 1928 ka Bardoli andolan itni achhi tarah chalaaya ki Gandhi ne unhe ‘Sardar’ ki upaadhi di.

1919: Rowlatt Act aur Jallianwala Bagh

World War I se azaadi nahi mili. Yuddh ke liye anaaj bheja gaya, daam badhe, aur 1919 ke Rowlatt Act ne police ko bina mukadme hiraasat mein rakhne ki chhoot di. Gandhi ne prarthana aur upvaas ke din ka aahvaan kiya. 13 April 1919 ko Amritsar ke Jallianwala Bagh mein Dyer ki fauj ne shaant bheed par goliyaan chalaayi; sarkaari aankdon ne lagbhag 400 maute maani, Bharatiya andaaze 1,000 se zyada the. Tagore ne knighthood lauta di, aur British raaj par bharosa hamesha ke liye toot gaya.

Non-Cooperation aur Khilafat, 1920–22

Tilak ki maut ke baad Gandhi Congress ke sabse bade netaa ban gaye, aur December 1920 mein Nagpur mein Congress ne Non-Cooperation andolan shuru kiya. Logon ne videshi saamaan, British schools aur adaalaton ka bahishkaar kiya aur khadi kaati, jo aatmanirbharta ka prateek thi; Gandhi ne vaada kiya ki ahinsa bani rahi to ek saal mein Swaraj milega. Ali bhaai aur Maulana Azad jaise Khilafat netaa jude, jisse kai Musalmaan andolan mein aaye, halaanki Jinnah samet kuch logon ne dharm aur rajneeti milaane par aapatti ki. February 1922 mein Chauri Chaura mein pradarshankaariyon ne policewalon ko maar diya, aur Gandhi ne andolan rok diya, jisse kai netaa naaraz hue.

Purna Swaraj aur namak yatra

1927 mein ek bhi Bharatiya ke bina aaye Simon Commission ka ‘Simon Go Back!’ se swaagat hua; 1928 mein police ke lathi charge ke baad Lala Lajpat Rai ki maut hui. December 1929 ke Lahore adhiveshan mein Congress ne Purna Swaraj, yaani poori azaadi, maangi. March-April 1930 mein Gandhi 380 km paidal chalkar Dandi pahunche aur namak banaaya, British ekadhikaar todte hue. Civil Disobedience namak yatraaon, bahishkaar aur tax na dene ke saath faila; hazaaron auratein judi, aur Congress ki pehli Bharatiya mahila adhyaksh Sarojini Naidu Gandhi ke saath chali. 1931 ke Gandhi–Irwin Pact se Round Table Conference hui, par andolan dheema pada aur 1934 mein waapas liya gaya.

Quit India, 1942

World War II ke dauraan Cripps Mission ne yuddh ke baad dominion status ki peshkash ki, jismein praanton ko alag rehne ki chhoot thi; zyaadatar netaaon ne ise thukra diya. August 1942 mein Gandhi ne ‘Do or Die’ ke naare ke saath Quit India andolan shuru kiya. Lagbhag har Congress netaa giraftaar hua, phir bhi hadtaal aur virodh chalte rahe, Ram Manohar Lohia aur Jayaprakash Narayan ne underground andolan zinda rakha, Aruna Asaf Ali ne Gowalia Tank Maidan par jhanda fehraaya, aur 17 saal ki Kanaklata Barua Assam mein jaloos ki agvaai karte hue goli se shaheed hui. Daman bahut kathor tha, kai maute aur bhaari giraftaariyan hui, par Britain tak sandesh pahunch gaya: Bharatiyon ki marzi ke bina raaj sambhav nahi. Dekho shuruaati rashtravaad aur sudhaar, azaadi ki ladaai ke krantikari, Chapter 2 ke notes aur NCERT solutions.